Medieval Fairs
served as marketplaces
towns and cities; they tented to be located near sources of wealth and trade such as
monasteries, castles, rulers, and seas
long distance trade routes dominated by
the italians
guilds
trade organization that set prices, regulated working conditions, and determined quality
Iron became readily available produce new improved
Iron plows, weapons, Armor
reasons for underlying church reform
- commercial revolution made the church corrupt
- the appointment of religious leaders by secular rulers
simony
the sale of church offices
was the most significant conflict between church and state in medieval Europe
Investiture conflict
Concordat of Worms and its significance
strengthen the Pope’s position as the head of the western church
The great schism 1054
occured when a representative of the Roman Pope excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople and the patriarch excommunicated the Roman Pope in return
The crusades the immediate trigger
The growing power of the Seljuk Turks
This will become the rallying cry for the crusaders throughout the crusades
God wills it
is a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins
indulgences
Pope’s motives
- The overwhelming number of mercenary armies and knights with no Lord to serve threatened to destabilize an already fragile political arrangement
- To win Christian control of Jerusalem and the holy land
3.Strengthen the papacies military and political position
Pope issues serval papal dispensations the right of the road
the freedom to travel throughout Europe unmolested
Pogroms
state organized massacres, especially of Jews
Godfrey of Bouillon took the title
King of Jerusalem
Military-religious orders of the crusaders these military orders formed
to protect the christian states in the holy land and Christian pilgrims to the holy land
legends of its secret rituals, huge wealth and lost treasures have long fascinated conspiracy theorists for centuries
The knights templar
set up a string of hospitals along the pilgrimage route from Europe to Jerusalem
Knights hospitaller
membership of the order was small and confined to Germans
The Teutonic knights
at the battle of Hattin _____ largely annihilated the combined armies
Saladin
The legacy of the crusades
- The crusaders enhanced the wealth and power of the Italian city-states particularly Venice, making the venetians a super state in the Mediterranean
- The crusaders exacerbated the political disunity of the Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims
- Ignited a commercial dependence of eastern goods that will eventually lead to the age of discovery
with the support of the nobles Harold grabbed the grown and the day after Edward’s burial, Harold in the presence of all the nobles was crowned at
Westminster Abbey
