Eastern Roman/Byzantines military victories over new territories brought prestige & wealth, the emperors created
stronger, more centralized governments
_______ was the cultural and commercial Capital of the Christian world
Constantinople
Byzantine emperors to enhance commerce and control it, they issued trading permits to
Jews, Venetians, Genoans
Eastern Roman/ Byzantine emperor Constantine V will reconstruct the central army in 755
Tagmata
the Dynatoi
wealthy land-owners who will dominate the senior levels of civil, military, and ecclesiastic offices within the empire
where images of christian figured were banned from art and architecture
iconoclasm
The Andalus dynasty …. this will create a flourishing and stable kingdom
will grant religious freedom to its Christian and Jewish inhabitants and allow them to live in accordance to their own laws
The Abbasids move capital from Damascus to Baghdad
for its prosperous location near trade routes
Abbasids enter a period of decline
due to their inability establishing to raise sufficient tax revenue to support the massive army and large civil service administering the empire
Despite the multitude of ethnic groups within the Muslim world the Arabic language provided a unified as
it was the language of the Qur’an, commerce and government throughout the Islamic lands
Wealthy Muslims established endowed schools for higher learning
Madrasa
Al-Khwarizmi 780-850 wrote a book on algebra
I produced the zero, the modern number system Arabic Numerals
Donation of Popin Papal States until 1870
Christianity in Italy was tied primarily to the European west and not the Byzantine East
establishment of partnership between his Frankish kingdom and the chruch- Charlemagne created an empire that was based on the development between three elements
the Roman past, the Germanic way of life, and the legacy of Christianity
To achieve this, Charlemagne …
-forced baptism on pagans, like the Saxons rather than voluntary conversion
-Palatine Chapel
-Charlemagne had the Pope escorted back to Rome
Charlemagne ordered the cathedrals and monasteries to teach reading and writing to
all who were able to learn
Just as Europe was on the verge of emerging from thr Dark Ages ______ will throw them back into it
the Viking Invasions
Causes of Feudalism
-collapse of the carolingian empire
-attacks and invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars
this permanently divided the Carolingian Empire
Treaty of Verdun
Instead of buying military services with cash, great landholders gave land
a fief
The individual who receives the land from great land holders
a vassal
At the lowest echelon of society were the peasants, also called
serfs
In exchange for living and working on his land, the lord offered his peasants
protection and a judicial system to negotiate peasants disputes
The rise of the castellans is an important turning point in European history because it ensured that
rule would be local rather than centralized
