Atlantic system became a web of trade routes that bound together_____ became the hub of European expansion throughout the world
Western Europe, Africa, and the America’s
Plantations
LArge tracts of land owned by colonial setters, formed by slave labor and production
Europeans imported______ Central and South America west indies they imported____ Colonies in North America
-Precious Metals,
-Sugar
-Timber, Fish, Tobacco, and Furs
Mestizo
A person born to a Spanish father and a native mother
Peninsular
Those born in Spain
Creoles
Born in America of Spanish parents
To expand its trade in the rest of the world, Europeans
seized territories and tried to establish permanent settlements
Consumer society, Coffee houses
where people could meet socially and discuss business and politics
3 main reasons for the population explosion
Better weather produced bountiful harvest, Improved agricultural techniques, The disappearance of the plague after 1720
By 1750___is Europe’s largest city
London
Conspicuous consumption
The consumption of luxuries on a lavish scale in an attempt to enhance one’s prestige
50 years of warfare 1663-1713 saw 3 important developments
-A new power alignment arose a coalition of powers, held France in check on the continent
-The British Rise and Dutch decline
-Russia’s emergence as a European power
Strategic importance Bank of England
Enabled the gov’t to raise money at low interest for foreign wars
____Russia had defeated Sweden, which was considered to be one of the world’s
Battle of Poltaua
Peter the Great
Expanded the Russian state into a much larger empire ,led a cultural revolution in Russia to modernize them along western standards
Peter introduced numerous reforms
-Founded the Russian academy of science
-Replaced the Russian calendar with Julian calendar
-Adopted European fashions and banned beards for men/ veils for women
-modernized the Army and built a Navy
____Symbolizes Russia’s “opening to the west”
St. Petersburg
Table of Ranks
a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, gov’t, and court of imperial Russia
All social and material advantages now depended on serving the crown
What was the Enlightenment?
It was a movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe and the American colonies
What was the purpose of the Enlightenment?
To reform society using reason to advance knowledge through science
What did the Enlightenment Oppose?
Superstition, intolerance, and some abuses by church and state
The central doctrines of the Enlightenment philosophers were
individual liberty and religious tolerance
A significant criticism of the Enlightenment was that its followers
subjected everything to criticism and challenged both political and religious authority
3 main reasons for immigration to the “New World”
Economic, political, religious freedom
