by 338 Athens and her allies are defeated at the Battle of Chaeronea, by the armies of ________ effectively ending the Athenian independence
Philip II of Macedonia
Plato argues against democracy
for Plato, democracy allows uneducated, irrational and injudicious citizens to make decision
Those who attain the highest level of knowledge should rule as
“Philosopher Kings”
the study of reality and existence
metaphysics
Plato always maintained one essential idea:
ultimate moral qualities are universal, unchanging, and absolute
separation of soul (mind) and body
dualism
the reasons for the rise of Macedonian power
-they were hardier than their Greek neighbors South, due to the harsher more continental climate in the north
-the disunity of the southern Greek city-states
-the rise of King Philip II
the man who ended Greek freedom
King Philip II of Macedon
King Philip’s military reforms:
-Philip was the first in the ancient world to create a professional army
-He nearly doubled the length of the spears in the traditional Greek phalanx
-used the cavalry as a strike force to soften up the enemy
Philip feared his powerfully strengthened army
would cause instability within his kingdom if they had nothing to do
with news of Philip’s death the southern Greek states deflected from the Macedonian Alliance __________________ to demonstrate the price for disloyalty and rebellion
in 335 Alexander destroyed Thebes
In 343 Philip chose ______ as Alexander’s tutor
Aristotle
Alexander was able to inspire his troops
by recklessly exposing himself to danger, fighting alongside them and sharing their hardships and burdens
Alexander revealed his strategy for ruling a vast empire; he left Greeks and Macedonians in high ranking bureaucratic positions
who were more loyal to Greece than the local inhabitants
-this made the Greek language the universal language of the upper ranks throughout the empire
Hellenization
is the process of spreading Greek culture by encouraging non-Greeks to live as Greeks
Alexander founded some 20 cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris. the first, and greatest, was _________, which would become one of the leading Mediterranean cities.
Alexandria in Egypt
Viewing his dazzling array of conquests, Alexander ultimately began to believe that he was in fact
a god himself
a ruler who holds absolute power, typically will exercise it in a cruel or oppressive way
despots
Hellenistic rulers spread Greek culture by building
gymnasiums, temples, theatres, and other public works projects
