1
Q
- overcoming hardships.
- Discuss overcoming hardships.
- intolerable غیرقابل تحمل levels of hardship
hardship
/ˈhɑːdʃɪp/
noun
plural= hardships
severeشدید səˈvɪə suffering رنج ˈsʌfrɪŋ or privation. محرومیت
A
- overcoming handicaps
- Discuss overcoming handicaps.
handicap
/ˈhandɪkap/
noun
plural=handicaps
1. a circumstance ˈsɜːkəmstæns that makes progress or success difficult.
2
Q
- What physical handicaps do people face?
A
- face a physical handicap
physical handicap معلولیت جسمی = physical disabilities ˌdɪsəˈbɪləti
3
Q
What physical handicaps do people face?
A
Balance disorders dɪsˈɔːdə from the inner ear or neurological damage
Chronic ˈkrɒnɪk fatigue fəˈtiːɡ خستگی conditions,
Heart disease,
lung disease,
4
Q
What physical handicaps do people face?
A
Severe arthritis, /ɑːˈθrʌɪtɪs/
Vision impairment or blindness,
Hearing ˈhɪərɪŋ impairment ɪmˈpeəmənt or deafness.
5
Q
- temporary
- progressive prəˈɡresɪv
- lifelong مادام العمر
A
Some physical disabilities are temporary (injury, surgery recovery). Others are progressive, such as MS.
Some are lifelong.
6
Q
What are some other hardships that
might limit people’s abilities
to succeed?
- limit someone’s ability to succeed
A
Most people
deal with
multiple barriers ˈbæriə at once, and they often stack.
- deal with barriers
- multiple barriers
- at once = simultaneously ˌsɪmlˈteɪnɪəsli (at the same time)
- stack /stak/ = pile روی هم انباشته شدن
7
Q
No access to technology
No access to the internet
A
Poverty ˈpɒvəti
unstable income
Depression, anxiety, PTSD
Substance ˈsʌbstəns use disorders
8
Q
Growing up in unstable or abusive əˈbjuːsɪv households خانوارها
A
Caring for children,
Caring for elderly ˈeldəli
Caring for disabled family members
9
Q
Family pressure that limits education or career kəˈrɪə choices
A
Living in high-crime areas
10
Q
- Natural disasters dɪˈzɑːstə displacement جابجاییهای
- climate-related displacement
A
Limited access to healthcare
Limited access to mental health care
11
Q
- TV actor
- best actress
- win the Oscar ˈɒskə for best actress
- spokespersonسخنگو
= a person who speaks for people
A
- She has devoted وقف her life to encouraging ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ children with hearing loss.
- to live normal lives
- with normal expectations
12
Q
- born with normal hearing
- born with hearing loss
کم شنوایی - at 18 month
در ۱۸ ماهگی (نوزاد)
A
- permanent hearing loss
- She suffers from permanent hearing loss
from an illness with a high fever.
13
Q
- far from home
- As she approached نزدیک میشد school age.
A
- So instead, ….
- So instead, they put her in a public دولتیmainstream معمولی school.
- Put your child in a public school.
- Put your child in a private school.
14
Q
- It builds my confidence to …
- participate in activities.
A
15
Q
sign language
/ˈsʌɪn laŋɡwɪdʒ/
noun
a system of communication using visual gestures and signs, as used by deaf people.
A
- She learnt sign language.
16
Q
- throughout در تمام دوران her childhood
A
- Her parents did everything they could.
17
Q
- develop a sense of humour.
- I wanna develop a sense of humour.
A
- both of us
- make us laugh
- It makes both of us laugh.
18
Q
- at seven
در سن هفت سالگی - a summer camp
- They enrolled her in a summer camp.
-They’re my campmates.
هم کمپیهای
A campmate is a person who shares the same campsite, tent, or living quarters with you during a camping tri
A
enrol
/ɪnˈrəʊl,ɛnˈrəʊl/
verb
past tense: enrolled; past participle: enrolled
= register
19
Q
- lyrics of songs
- Return home from camp.
A
-Their applause gives me …
/əˈplɔːz/
noun تشویق
approval or praise expressed by clapping.
20
Q
- an afterschool programe
- Enrol in …
- Enrol me in an afterschool programe.
A
- Prepare performances
- She prepares performances اجرا/ نمایش in sign language.
21
Q
- in college
- She’s in college.
A
- in the audience
بین تماشاگران - A popular TV actor was in the audience.
22
Q
- Don’t let anything stand in your way.
Tip: anything is not سوم شخص مفرد , so it’ verb doesn’t get “s “
A
- become a mentor
- He became her long-time mentor.
- become friends
23
Q
- without controversy
- controversy
/ˈkɒntrəvəːsi,kənˈtrɒvəsi/
= dispute or public disagreement مخالفت دیگران
A
- without criticism
- To comfort ˈkʌmfət someone
تسکین دادن کسی - To comfort her, …
- contact lenses
لنز
24
Q
- have/has expectations of = expect of
- surpass expectations از انتظارات پیشی گرفتن
surpass
/səˈpɑːs,səːˈpɑːs/
= verb
exceed; be greater and better than.
A
- The public has expectations of people.
25
- They were incredulous.
- incredulous
/ɪnˈkrɛdjʊləs/
adjective
= unwilling or unable to believe something. = unbelieving
- I am incredulous.
- be incredulous
- no matter what others say/ believe
26
- Their support enabled قادر ساخت her to...
- My support enabled me to be who I am.
- stronge differences between people's opinions. = conflict
27
- throughاز طریق her work
- through her books
- compare them with your classmates.
28
- ways in which ...
روشهایی که
- ways in which they helped her.
- They contribute to her success.
- contribute to
- contribute
/kənˈtrɪbjuːt,ˈkɒntrɪbjuːt/
verb
1. give = donate
2. help to cause or bring about
29
- In my opinion, ....
- general factors
- What are some general factors that contribute to ...
- people who
- people who have handicaps
- limit success
- in life
- problems that could limit their success in life.
30
- historical figure
شخصیت تاریخی
- a serious handicap
- Blindness is a serious handicap.
- a fictional character
- یک شخصیت خیالی
- He overcame his pain for a time.
- has overcome a hardship
- overcome
/ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/
verb
succeed in dealing with (a problem or difficulty).
31
- ethnic قومی discrimination
- racial discrimination تبعیض نژادی
- sexual discrimination
- political instability
بی ثباتی
32
- Explain what similarities people share.
- in a wheelchair
- share the similarities
- share the information
- compare information
33
- Check the meaning of any unfamiliar words.
- Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat.
Adjective (brave):
brave + اسم
be + صفت
She made a brave decision to speak up despite the risks.
Make a decision
a brave decision
despite the risks.
speak up= express one's opinions frankly and openly.
34
Adjective (brave):
brave + اسم
be + صفت
- being brave of her/yours /their
- start over
/ˌstɑːt ˈəʊvə/ = make a new beginning. شروع دوباره
It was brave of him to start over in a new country.
Adverb (bravely):
- He bravely defended his teammate during the meeting.
- defend
- teammate
- during the meeting
- The firefighters bravely entered the burning building.
- firefighter
- Enter a building.
35
- inspired everyone/ me
Noun (bravery):
ضمیر + bravery
Her bravery inspired everyone on the team.
Noun (bravery):
her bravery
Acts of + اسم
Acts of bravery are often quiet and unnoticed.
unnoticed
36
- Listen to a story
- Listen to a TV story
- Saba's decision is ...
- go back to that plane.
Adjective (confident):
confident + اسم
be + صفت
- She is confident enough to make a decision.
- being confident that …
- be approved by someone
- board
هیئت (گروهی از افرادی که مسئولیت کنترل و سازماندهی یک شرکت یا سازمان را بر عهده
دارند
- board of trade بازرگانی
She’s confident that the plan will be approved by the board.
37
Adjective (confident):
confident + اسم
be + صفت
- come across = seem/appear
- come across as confident
- arrogant
- during the interview/day/exam
He came across as confident, but not arrogant, during the interview.
Adverb (confidently):
- rush hour
- Tube= the London Underground, London’s public underground railway system. مترو
- navigate sth
She confidently navigated the Tube during rush hour.
38
- take the Tube
- take a bus
- I’m taking the Tube to work.
Tube= the London Underground, London’s public underground railway system.
Adverb (confidently):
He answered the question confidently, without checking his notes.
answer the question
answer sth confidently
check your notes
without checking your notes
39
The Tube was packed this morning.
be packed شلوغ
Tube= the London Underground, London’s public underground railway system.
Noun (confidence):
ضمیر + confidence = her confidence
Acts of + اسم
Gaining confidence takes time, especially in a new role.
Gain confidence
takes time
takes ages
40
got lost گم شد
on the Tube
She got lost on the Tube.
Noun (confidence):
confidence
her ضمیر+ confidence
Acts of + اسم
- boost of confidence افزایش اعتماد به نفس
- sth give somebody a boost of confidence
- go into
The win این برد gave the team a real boost of confidence going into the finals.
41
Noun (courage):
ضمیر + courage = her courage
Acts of + اسم
- take courage
- to admit
- I must admit that…
- confess
- in front of somebody
- being wrong
It took real courage to admit he was wrong in front of the whole team.
- show courage
- show sth by
- report the issue to someone
She showed great courage by reporting the issue to her manager.
42
Adjective (courageous):
/kəˈreɪdʒəs/
courageous + اسم
be + صفت
- a courageous decision
- change career
- in her forties/ in my fifties
It was a courageous decision to change careers in her forties.
Adjective (courageous): دلیر و با جرئت
/kəˈreɪdʒəs/
courageous + اسم
be + صفت
- during a week/a year/a month
- during the shift/ night shift
- being courageous during sth
- night shift
The nurse was courageous during a very difficult shift.
43
Adverb (courageously):
/kəˈreɪdʒəsli/
- cross the line خط قرمزهای شخصی رو رد کردن
- stand up to somebody در مقابل کسی ایستادن
He courageously stood up to his mates when they crossed the line.
Adverb (courageously):
/kəˈreɪdʒəsli/
- speak about ...
- on live به صورت زنده(مثال در برنامه زنده تلویزیونی)
She courageously spoke about her experience on live television.
44
Adjective (fearless):
/ˈfɪələs/
fearless + اسم
be + صفت
- being fearless
- when it comes to ...
وقتی که صحبت از... می شود
- trying new things
She’s fearless when it comes to trying new things.
- cyclist دوچرخه سوار
- ride a bike
push bike = bike
push bike — used to distinguish it from a motorbike (He rides a push bike, not a motorbike.)
The fearless cyclist rode through London traffic.
45
Adverb (fearlessly):
- ask for help
He fearlessly asked for help when he didn’t understand.
- share her/your idea
- in class
She fearlessly shared her idea in class.
46
Noun (fearlessness):
Pronounضمیر + fearlessnessاسم
Acts of + اسم
- His fearlessness نترس بودنش
- impress everyone/ someone
- on the team
His fearlessness impressed everyone on the team.
- cope with
- cope with change
Her fearlessness helped her cope with change.
47
Adjective (heroic):
heroic+ اسم
be + صفت heroic
- a heroic act
- dangerous situation
It was a heroic act in a very dangerous situation.
Adverb (heroically): قهرمانانه /hɪˈrəʊɪkli/
- help others
She heroically helped others before thinking of herself.
48
Adverb (heroically): قهرمانانه /hɪˈrəʊɪkli/
- carry someone
- carry the injured man
He heroically carried the injured man to safety.
Noun (heroism):
قهرمانی
His heroism = ضمیر + confidence
Acts of + اسم
- His heroism / my heroism
- being praised by someone/sth
His heroism was praised by the local community.
49
Noun (heroism):
قهرمانی
Heroism+ ضمیر
Acts of + اسم
- Acts of heroism
- make the news خبرساز شدن چیزی
Acts of heroism don’t always make the news.
Adjective (willing): = ready = eager= ready to do sth
willing + اسم
be + صفت willing
- being willing to do sth
- being willing to help
She was willing to help after work.
50
Adjective (willing): = ready = eager= ready to do sth
willing + اسم
be + صفت willing
- being willing to learn
- learn sth new
He’s always willing to learn something new.
Adverb (willingly):
She willingly agreed to stay late.
He willingly shared his notes with the class.
51
Noun (willingness):
pronoun ضمیر + willingness اسم
Her willingness to listen made a big difference.
There was a clear willingness to compromise.
- the plane wreckage لاشه
/ˈrɛkɪdʒ/ noun
- explode
- the aeroplane could explode
- aeroplane /ˈɛːrəpleɪn/ noun/ British English = aireplane American English
- at any moment هر لحظه
- return /rɪˈtəːn/ verb = go back = come back to a place or person.
- She returned to the aeroplane.
52
- rescue wounded passengers
- rescue /ˈrɛskjuː/ verb = save (someone)
- wounded /ˈwuːndɪd/ adjective= injured
- passenger /ˈpas(ɪ)n(d)ʒə/noun = a traveller
- risk your life
- She risks her life to save others.
- Her bravery is extraordinary.
- extraordinary
/ˌɛkstrəˈɔːd(ɪ)n(ə)ri/
adjective / very unusual or remarkable.
53
- an ordinary person
- even an ordinary person
- being capable of
- even an ordinary person is capable of heroic acts.
- most people
- act in a way she does
- carry her/him/them out of the car
- during the rescue
- during which در طیِ
54
- She feels as if it's very light.
- light # heavy
- as if انگار که
- She behaved as if he wasn't there"
- Use a belt. کمربند
- to make bandages/a bandage بانداژ کردن
55
- She realised that there was blood on her face.
- before the crash, ... تصادف
- description of
- your own description of that behaviour/idea
56
- No matter what happens, don't freak out وحشت
- doesn't give up
- Hang in there دووم بیار
- in 1998
- in London
- in the southern جنوبِ
- a city in the southern US
- get on/off the bus/ train/ aero plane/ ship.
- get on = enter# get off پیاده شدن
- She got on the bus.
- get in#get out
- She got out of the car/ hotel/ bed/ office/ room/ toxic relationship
57
- In that time, ...
- In those days, ...
- segregate /verb /ˈsɛɡrɪɡeɪt/ = separate
- racial segregation
- radically /ˈradɪkli/ adverb = completely
- Buses were radically segregated.
- the front 10 seats ده صندلیِ جلوی (اتوبوس و ...)
- permanently # temporary موقت
- bus driver
- move to the back برو عقب (اتوبوس)
- She refused.
- Call the police.
58
- brutality and injustice ظلم و بیعدالتی
- She was arrested.
- She was taken to jail.
- African Americans
- the African-American community
- They faced brutality and injustice.
- become a rallying ˈræli point
چیزی که باعث میشه مردم متحد بشن برای رسیدن به یک هدف
- a boycott /ˈbɔɪkɒt/
- Organise a boycott
- That bus boycott lasted 34 days.
- Ultimately در نهایت
- during which ... کی طیِ آن ....
59
- has/have/had a powerful economic impact on ...
- change a bad policy
- forced to change their policy
60
on → used with specific dates such as: on October 11
British English also commonly uses (the day–month) order, so you’ll often see or hear:
on 11 October (very common in the UK)
in → used with months or years (e.g. in October, in 2026)
61
awake /əˈweɪk/ verb
past tense: awoke
stop sleeping; wake from sleep.
- awoke to the sound of با شنیدن صدایی از خواب پریدن
She awoke to the sound of someone screaming.
62
- rush out of ... با عجله بیرون رفتن از
- Rushing out of her tent.
- come across
phrasal verb of come
1. meet or find someone or something by chance. برخورد کردن
"I came across these old photos recently"
63
- saltwater آب شور
- crocodile
- saltwater crocodile
- in the mouth of
- She came across her daughter in the mouth of a saltwater crocodile.
- her 6-year-old daughter
- his 60-year-old grandmother
- Jump on the back of the giant crocodile.
64
- The crocodile dropped him.
- The crocodile attacks his 60-year-old grandmother.
- It bites her in the face and arm.
- It is dragging her into the water.
65
- incident /ˈɪn(t)sɪd(ə)nt/ noun = event
- They both survived the incident. جان سالم به در بردند
- family members of the victims
- speedy response ریاکشن سریع و به موقع
- My speedy response was astonishing.
66
- son-in-law
- Plural: sons-in-law
My son-in-law lives in Manchester.
- African countries
- 3 African countries
- an epidemicیک بیماری همهگیر
- an Ebola epidemic
- Corona epidemic
- rage = spread rapidly and uncontrollably
- an epidemic rage in the world
- An Ebola epidemic raged in 3 African countries.
67
- viral disease بیماری ویروسی
- There is no prevention. پیشگیری
- There is no treatment.
- infected people
- 60% to 90% of infected people
- It killed 60% to 90% of infected people.
68
- hailed as ...
مورد ستایش قرار گرفت به عنوان ...
- people at greatest risk
- health care workers
- nurse
- for having saved hundreds of lives
- during 3 years
- during 3 years of battling Corona
- Corona patients
- I know better than anyone else that …
69
- Do you consider her the most heroic?
- Decide among yourselves.
- among the other students
- Who won the debate?
70
- being frustrated
- She's frustrated.
- get up at
- I get up at 6 from time to time.
- in the morning
- go to bed
- don't go to bed early/ late
- I get up at 6 in the morning, no matter what time I go to bed.
71
- She doesn't do it, no matter how many times I tell her.
- lose weight
72
- Trip takes 3 hours.
- Thunder رعد و برق
- have/has/had such a good time
- at party
72
Tip: so + adjective / adverb
- so quickly
- so loud
- so fast
- so many brands of painkillers
- so much candy
73
such + (adjective) + noun
- such a loud noise
- such loud music
- such an interesting idea
- Replace it with ...
- Has/have a similar meaning
74
- face with
- few people
tip: صفت + enough:
brave enough
fearless enough
strong enough
- She is fearless enough to fight.
75
Tip:
enough + اسم:
enough courage
enough confidence
- on a paper
- on a seperate sheet of paper
76
وقتی مدتها از چیزی اذیت شدهای یا تکرار یک وضعیت اعصابت را خرد کرده:
I’m fed up.
- I’m fed up with this job.
Tip:
- be + fed up with + noun
I'm fed up with people
- be + fed up with + ing
I’m fed up with waiting.
77
Tip:
- be + fed up with + ing
I'm fed up with being ignored. I can’t take this anymore.
- Hang in there. Don't let it get you down.
- I'm fed up with being nice.
- I'm fed up with being controlled.
78
وقتی که خسته + عصبانی + تصمیم جدی گرفتی
I’ve had it
I’ve had it. I’m leaving.
دیگه تمومه، دارم میرم.
That’s it. I’ve had it.
دیگه خط قرمز رد شد.
79
- being good at sth
- She’s good at getting along with others.
- get along with + person / people
80
- He doesn’t get along with his coworkers
- get along with + person / people
- Everyone has shortcomings. نقطه ضعف
- One shortcoming of this plan is the cost.
81
- He knows his own shortcomings.
shortcoming → ضعف قابلاصلاح، ملایم
weakness → عمومیتر، گاهی شخصی
flaw → عیب جدیتر یا بنیادی
- Overcome your shortcomings.
- How do you handle anger?
82
- Sounds just like me!
- Doesn't sound like me at all!
- Sounds a bit like me!
83
- Your bedroom's a mess.
- You are disorganised.
- She is a procrastinator.
prə(ʊ)ˈkrastɪneɪtə/
noun
= puts off به تعویق انداختن doing things
= waiting till the last minutes to do things.
84
- on time
- be able to do sth
- finish on time
- be able to finish it on time
- go into
- a panic worrying about
- go into panic worrying
/ˈɡəʊ ɪntuː,ˌɡəʊ ˈɪntə/
investigate something. چیزی را بررسی کن
start discussing a subject extensively. بحث مفصلی در مورد یک موضوع را شروع کردن.
85
- I admit I'm a bit oversensitive.
/ˌəʊvəˈsɛn(t)sɪtɪv/ adjective
- tend to overreact to things
- get upset
- It doesn't take much to get me upset about stuff.
86
- I'm sure
- He’s a bit hot-tempered, but he means well. نیت بدی نداره
- She has a hot-tempered father.
- get angry
- He gets angry far too easily.
- It doesn't take much to ... خیلی طول نمی کشه که...
87
short-tempered = hot-tempered
/ˌhɒtˈtɛmpəːd/
adjective
- set off
تحریک کردن و باعثِ چیزی شدن
- It doesn't take much to set me off.
- His comment set off an argument دعوا
88
- set off شروع سفر یا حرکت
We set off early in the morning.
صبح زود راه افتادیم.
در بریتیش:
set off ≈ set out (شروع سفر)
ولی set off کمی خودمانیتر است.
- Focus on it.
- She's too controlling. کنترلگر
- You're right. درست می گی
- Her husband's right, she's too controlling.
- Complaining when people don't do things your way.
89
- My biggest shortcoming is perfectionism.
- being a perfectionist.
- She is a perfectionist.
/pəˈfɛkʃənɪst/
noun
- No matter what she does, she isn't satisfied.
- being satisfied
- I am satisfied.
- It isn't good enough.
good صفت + enough
90
- Tell him.
- Tell your partner.
- Invite my friends for dinner.
- I cook well enough.
Adjective صفت + enough
91
- be controlling
- be negative
- be oversensitive
- be hot-tempered = be short-tempered
- be disorganised
- be a perfectionist
- be a procrastinator
- Do they sound like you?
In what ways?
92
- Can you think of....
- Can you think of any other common shortcomings people have?
- in the order به ترتیب
- in the order that events occurred.
93
- at least
- Use at least 3 words.
- Write at least 3 paragraphs.
/ˈparəɡrɑːf/
noun
Differences between "I realised that ..." and "I understood that..."?
I realised (that):
معمولاً بعد از فکر کردن، دیدن نشانهها به این نتیجه رسیدم که ... لحظهی «آها!» دارد
I realised that I was wrong.
She realised she had forgotten her keys.
I understood (that):
معمولاً بعد از توضیح، آموزش، یا شنیدن اطلاعات
I understood that the rules had changed.
He understood why she was upset.
دلیل ناراحتی او را فهمید.
94
- cover in blood غرق در خون
- He is covered in blood.
- refuse to do sth
- back seats
- on the bus
- She refuses to move to the back seats on the bus.
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- several times
- several nurses
- on his staff /stɑːf/ = employees کارمندان ɛmˈplɔɪiː
- A baby bear = a bear cub
- An adult bear is nearby. همان نزدیکی است
- a cute creature
- on TV
- get sth out of your bag از کیفت در بیار
- get milk out of your bag
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- Come out بیرون بیا
- Come out of the tent.
- at that moment, ...
- Understand a variety of accents
variety /vəˈrʌɪɪti/ noun
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- express frustration ,ɛkˈsprɛs (v) frʌˈstreɪʃn
- express empathy ˈɛmpəθi
- express encouragement ,ɛnˈkʌrɪdʒm(ə)nt
frustration noun
the feeling of being upset or annoyed as a result of being unable to change or achieve something.
empathy noun
the ability to understand the feelings of another.
encouragement noun
the action of giving someone support, confidence, or hope
98
- Express your frustration:
,ɛkˈsprɛs (v) frʌˈstreɪʃn
- I give up!
- I'm fed up!
- I've had it!
- I just can't stand it anymore!
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- Express empathy: ˈɛmpəθi
- I know what you mean.
- That must be discouraging. خیلی ناامیدکننده
- That must be frustrating.
- That must be disappointing.
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- Express encouragement: ,ɛnˈkʌrɪdʒm(ə)nt
- Don't let it get you down.
- Don't give up.
- Hang in there. صبر کن.
101
No matter who you ask, no one can give you directions.
No matter + a noun clause beginning with a question word + comma (,) + …
No matter + who ….. + comma (,) + …..
No matter how careful I am, I always forget something.
No matter + a noun clause beginning with a question word + comma (,) + …
No matter + how ….. + comma (,) + …..
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No matter what they said, he didn’t believe them.
No matter + a noun clause beginning with a question word + comma (,) + …
No matter + what ….. + comma (,) + …..
No matter what time we check in, we always have to wait for a room.
No matter + a noun clause beginning with a question word + comma (,) + …
No matter + what time ….. + comma (,) + …..
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No one answers, no matter when we call.
………… + comma (,) + No matter + a noun clause beginning with a question word + ………
.......... + comma (,) + No matter + when …..
They can’t understand her, no matter how slowly she speaks.
………… + comma (,) + No matter + a noun clause beginning with a question word + ………
.......... + comma (,) + No matter + how …..
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Simple past: walked
Simple present: walk/ walks
Simple future: will walk
Past continuous:
was/were walking
Present continuous:
am/is/are walking
Future continuous:
will be walking
105
Past perfect:
had walked
Present perfect:
has/ have walked
Future perfect:
will have walked
Past perfect continuous:
had been walking
Present perfect continuous: has/ have been walking
Future perfect continuous: will have been walking
106
- Tell a white lie. دروغ مصلحتی
- She is unable to tell a lie.
Grammar:
Why have you decided to stay home?
Say the above question as an Embedded information question:
I don't understand why you have decided to stay home.
a phrase + a question word + جمله سوالی را از حالت سوالی در میارم+ نقطه
I don't understand + why + she is afraid of + نقطه یا علامت سوال
107
Grammar:
Do you know what I mean?
I can say the above question like this:
I'd like to know if you know what I mean. (Embedded questions)
a phrase + whether / if (که آیا) + جمله سوالی را از حالت سوالی در میارم + علامت سوال
I'd like to know + if + you know what I mean.
Grammar:
Does she get frustrated when she is fed up?
Say the above question as an Embedded question:
Let's ask whether she gets frustrated when she is fed up.
a phrase + whether / if (که آیا) + جمله سوالی را از حالت سوالی در میارم + علامت سوال
Let's ask + whether + she gets frustrated when she is fed up?
108
Grammar:
Have you ever asked your boss for a raise?
Say the above question as an Embedded question:
Could you tell me if you've ever asked your boss for a raise?
a phrase + whether / if (که آیا) + جمله سوالی را از حالت سوالی در میارم + علامت سوال
Could you tell me + if + you've ever asked your boss for a raise?
Grammar:
What is she afraid of?
Say the above question as an Embedded information question:
I can't remember what she is afraid of.
a phrase + a question word + جمله سوالی را از حالت سوالی در میارم+ نقطه
I can't remember + what + she is afraid of + نقطه
109
Grammar:
When was it found?
Say the above question as an Embedded information question:
Do you know when it was found?
a phrase + a question word + جمله سوالی را از حالت سوالی در میارم
Do you know + when + it was found?
صفحه 78 وسط صفحه به پایین
110
a conversation between two colleagues
colleague =
workmate /ˈwəːkmeɪt/
noun British English
co-worker /ˈkəʊwəːkə/ =
fellow worker /ˈfɛləʊ/
- Wait untill/till you hear this...
بزار اینو بهت بگم ... حالت خاله زنکی که یه خبری شنیدی از کسی و میخوای سریع با هیجان برای دوستت تعریفش کنی
- loose her/my cool
جوش آورد و عصبانی شد
- Wait until you hear this... Sam lost his cool again at the meeting!
111
- lose /luːz/ vs loose :
lose /luːz/ verb
past and past participle: lost
1. no longer have # regain
I've lost my appetite. اشتهام رو از دست دادم
2. become unable to find (something or someone). # find
I've lost the car keys.
گم کردن
loose /luːs/ verb
3rd person present: looses; past and past participle: loosed;
1. set free= release= let go آزاد کردن/ رها کردن
The hounds have been loosed
2. make (something) loose شل کردن (چیزی); untie باز کردن or undo. # tighten سفت کردن
The ropes were loosed
3. fire (a bullet, arrow, etc.). شلیک کردن
He loosed off a shot at the vehicle"
او به سمت وسیله نقلیه شلیک کرد
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He is always angry about something.
am/is/are/was/were + always/often/rarely + ....
What set him off this time?
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- make a big issue out of something = Make a big deal out of it= Make a mountain out of a molehill = Make a song and dance about it
از کاه کوه ساختن
در جواب حرف بالا می گم:
نمیفهمم چرا از کاه کوه می سازی
- I don't see what the big deal is!
Sam made a right song and dance about it.
= Sam made a big deal out of it.
114
- wait till the last minute
You know how Rob always waits till the last minute to do things. Sam made a big deal out of it.
subjedt + always/often/ rarely + فعل اصلی wait + ...
- defend herself/yourself/...
- tell someone off کسی را به شدت سرزنش کردن
- in front of everyone
- Rob tried to defend himself, and Sam told him off in front of everyone. That's awful!
- My mum told me off for coming home late.
115
- on time
- even if
- I don't see what the big deal is!
You know, even if Rob starts things late, he always finishes on time. I don't see what the big deal is!
subject + always/often/ rarely + فعل اصلی finish + ...
- make an example out of it = punish or criticise one person in a visible way to send a warning to others.
- I'm sure Sam wanted to make an example out of Rob, so the rest of the team “learn a lesson.”
116
- go overboard زیادهروی کردن
- go overboard with + mention the excessive thing
- Well, it sounds like he went overboard.
- They went overboard with the budget. = (They spent too much.)
- Don’t go overboard with the criticism.
- He went a bit overboard there.
- They’ve gone overboard with it.
- bring sth up = Mention sth that was previously known شناخته شده
- privately
- after the meeting
- be glad
- He could have just brought it up privately after the meeting.
- I’m glad you brought up the budget.
117
Bring up (a topic) = To start talking about something.
Don't bring up the news yet.
Bring up (children) = To raise or educate a child.
She was brought up in London.
118
Mike: Good point. But, all things considered, Rob took it
pretty well. He knows Sam's just hot-tempered.
- Good point. نکته خوبی گفتی
- all things considered, ... با در نظر گرفتن همه جوانب
- take sth pretty well = to react to unpleasant news, criticism, or a difficult situation with composure با خونسردی
- don't take it personally
Rob didn't take it personally. He remained calm and handled the situation better than people expected.
119
If only کاشکی he'd stop مکث کردن and think first before having one of his outbursts! عصبانیت
Instead, everyone always has to walk on eggshells, wondering who's going to be next.
- everyone has to
- walk on eggshells = to be extremely cautious about what you say or do because you are worried about upsetting, offending, or triggering someone.
- Between you and me, I think Sam's been under a lot of pressure lately from his boss. But that's no excuse to take it out on someone else.
- I agree
- lately اخیرا
- under a lot of pressure
- Between you and me, ... بین خودمون باشه
- that's no excuse to .... !!!!این که دلیل نمیشه به بهانه ی اینکه ... فلان کار رو بکنه
- take it out on someone else سر کس دیگه ای خشمش رو خالی کنه!
- But that's no excuse to take it out on someone else.
120
Tired of being so disorganised?
- Is it hard to
- file sth away بایگانی کردن = to place a document, record, or piece of information into a specific, organised system (like a folder, a filing cabinet, or a digital directory) so that you can find it later
Is it hard to find things even if you have filed them away properly?
121
Have papers been piling up on your desk, whether or not you've had time to go through them? = No matter what, papers have been piling up on my desk.
grammar:
even if/ whether or not + whole sentence + comma + .......... .
...... + comma + whether or not/even if + ...... .
An adverb clause expresses the fact that no matter what the condition is, there is no way to affect or change an event or situation.
122
- reach your goals
- achieving your goals
- Help me to reach my goals.
- Practical workshops to help you reach your goals.
- increase productivity
- get organised
- Getting organised can help you increase our productivity.
123
- self-help
- stop trying
- control others
- drive people crazy
- drive people crazy by ...
- drive people crazy by supervising what they are doing
124
- Let's face it!
- End negative thinking now.
- negative atitude
- It is easier than you think.
- Letting go of control is easier than you think.
- It's possible.
125
- change an outlook
- change your outlook
/ˈaʊtlʊk/
noun
a person's point of view or general attitude to life.
- Move from the negative to the positive.
- Change your life.
126
- Learn easy strategies.
- use your time
- more efficiently than ever. موثرتر از همیشه
- Learn it to use your time more efficiently than ever.
127
- I find it difficult to ... .
- remember it.
- Remember your appointment.
- put a reminder
- on your smartphone.
- Put a reminder on your smartphone.
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- even if حتی اگر
- Try not to be controlling.
- They find her controlling.
- only if فقط اگر
- take a workshop شرکت کردن
- take a workshop about ...
- Stop it.
- Stop putting things off.
به تعویق انداختن کارها رو دست بردار.
English
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