1
Q
computer
A
a machine that can be programmed to carry out computation automatically
2
Q
architecture
A
conceiving, planning, and designing structures
3
Q
computer architecture (CA)
A
- conceiving, planning, designing
programmable structures that compute - depends on available tech to make structures (hardware) and only has purpose with software
4
Q
software
A
- description of a computation expressed in a programming language, and its data and documentation
- majority of software is written in high-level language having specific syntax and semantics
5
Q
performance
A
the main thing technology is concerned with right now
6
Q
programmable
A
if its behavior or functionality can be controlled and customized by providing it with instructions, or code
7
Q
programming language
A
A portable language such as C, Java, etc. that is composed of words and algebraic notation that can be translated by a compiler into assembly language
8
Q
algorithm
A
- a finite sequence of correct, step by step instructions that solve a specific problem/computation
- takes input and produces desired output
9
Q
data structure
A
- a particular way of organizing/storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and modified efficiently
- defines the relationships between data elements and the operations that can be performed on them
10
Q
interpreter
A
a system that directly executes instructions expressed in a programming language (software)
11
Q
compiling
A
- A program that translates high- level language statements into assembly language statements (creates something between code and binary)
- help compute source code in advance so every time code runs that part doesn’t need to be processed again
12
Q
abstraction
A
A model that renders lower-level details of computer systems temporarily invisible to facilitate the design of sophisticated systems
13
Q
boolean operations in circuits
A
and, not, or
14
Q
hardware vs. software with booleans
A
- volts alternate between +V and 0.0 V (not a boolean)
- software is more rigid with T/F unlike analog
15
Q
how to digitize the change in volts
A
- ignore the period where voltage changes state
- only look at it when it is exactly one state
- makes it “look digital” since it’s always between two states
16
Q
mechanical computers
A
- uses its parts to represent data and carry out operations
- part shapes, sizes, and connections embody the data/operations
17
Q
disadvantages of mechanical computers
A
- part’s aren’t small, so computer w/many parts are ig
- assembling/making parts is expensive
- contact between parts overtime cause wear and tear
- max speed isn’t fast so multiple step comp. are slow
18
Q
vaccum tubes
A
device that controls electric current flow
19
Q
pros and cons of vacuum tubes
A
- increased speed of computers in past
- very large
- uses a lot of energy
- tubes burn out (fail) rather quickly
20
Q
the most manufactured device ever is…
A
transistors
21
Q
elements used in electronic devices
A
- elemental silicone crystals
- Ge and certain alloys are used for some
- device cost/performance is dependent on choice of elements/alloys
22
Q
hardware computers have been constructed from
A
- mechanical parts
- humans
- silicon transistors
23
Q
base case intercepter steps
A
- accept input
- store values
- read and write/change values/variables
- compute
- create output
24
Q
transistors
A
a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power
25
Moore's Law
- integrated circuit resources double every 18-24 months
- computer architects must anticipate where tech will be between start and finish of the project
26
common case
- fast common case will tend to enhance performance better than optimizing the rare case
- often simpler and easier to advance (but takes experimenting to know which is common)
27
parallel
when a computer breaks PROBLEMS into multiple parts and has processors/computers work on them simultaneously to be more efficient
28
parallel performance
a method in computing where multiple processors execute or process an application or computational tasks simultaneously
29
pipelining
- moves multiple operations through hardware units that each do a piece of a SINGLE more complex operation
- like an assembly line, helps process several instructions simultaneously
30
prediction
- some cases its faster on average to guess and start working rather than wait until you know for sure
- effective if it's easy to recover if you're wrong
31
hierarchy of memories
- memory capacity/cost can limit what problems get solved
- allows fastest, smallest, and most expensive memory per bit at the top of the hierarchy and the slowest, largest, and cheapest per bit at the bottom
- aims to balance the speed of the processor by keeping frequently used data closest to CPU
32
dependable
works correctly several times over (is reliable)
33
abstractions
- used to make making tech more productive since resources keep improving during process
- characterize the design at different levels of representation
- lower-level details are hidden to offer a simpler model at higher levels
34
particular algebra
defined by its set of elements and how its operations manipulate these elements
35
algebra
- an abstract machine for processing elements of a set
- has many different types
36
operands
the input(s) of an algebraic operation
37
results
the output(s) of an algebraic operation
38
boolean algebra
- a two element set like {0, 1} or {T, F} that has similar properties with basic algebra
- used to represent all information in electronic
39
digital w/boolean algebra
- an electronic circuit built to have two distinct reference voltages
- allows circuit to behave under perfect boolean algebra rules
40
voltage
- measure of the energy of electrons at a point in a circuit with respect to ground
- can change at the speed of light
41
mechanical on/off switch with 2 terminals and a lever
- lever to ON position joins to terminals to form one wire
- lever to OFF position partitions the terminals, which can take on different voltages
42
electronic on/off switch with 3 terminals
- source terminal to drain terminal is on/off (join/partition) path
- gate terminal voltage determines if path is on/off
43
terminal
- end of a wire, including its branches
- voltage on a wire including branches is the same
44
ground
serves a primary role as a zero-volt reference point for voltage measurements and a common return path for current
45
truth table
- defines a boolean function with variables names, all possible inputs/outputs
- total of 2^k inputs with k variables
46
De Morgan's Laws
not (A and B) -> not A or not B
-----
not (A or B) -> not A and not B
47
combinatorial logic
A logic system whose blocks do not contain memory and hence compute the same output given the same input
48
sequential logic
A group of logic elements that contain memory and hence whose value depends on the input as well as the current contents of the memory
49
decoders
a logic block that has a n-bit input and 2^n outputs, where only one output is asserted for each input combination
50
encoders
performs the inverse function of a decoder, taking 2^n inputs and producing an n-bit output
51
multiplexor/selector
- used to select one of the input values of a multiplexor as the output of the multiplexor
- a specific selector value determines which of the inputs becomes the output
52
selector value/control value
used to select one of the input values of a multiplexor as the output of the multiplexor
53
sum of products
A form of logical representation that employs a logical sum (OR) of products (terms joined using the AND operator)
54
programmable logic array (PLA)
- a set of inputs and corresponding input complements, and two stages of logic
- first stage is an array of AND gates that form a set of product terms
- second is an array of OR gates, each of which forms a logical sum of any number of the product terms
- computes SOP
55
minterms/product terms
A set of logic inputs joined by conjunction (AND operations); the product terms form the first logic stage of the programmable logic array (PLAs)
56
Read-only memory (ROM)
- A memory whose contents are designated at creation time, after which the contents can only be read
- ROM is used as structured logic to implement a set of logic functions by using the terms in the logic functions as address inputs and the outputs as bits in each word of the memory
57
programmable ROM (PROM)
A form of read-only memory that can be programmed when a designer knows its contents
58
don't cares
- situations where we do not care what the value of some output is, either because another output is true or because a subset of the input combinations determines the values of the outputs
- important because they make it easier to optimize the implementation of a logic function
59
bus
- In logic design, a collection of data lines that is treated together as a single logical signal
- also, a shared collection of lines with multiple sources and uses
60
steps for finding product of sums expression
- find each output that's 0
- sum up all the inputs for each case
- multiply each summation case together
61
steps for finding summation of products expression
- find each output that's 1
- multiple all the inputs for that case
- add each multiplication case together
CS250
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