interact with people at closer distances, recognise faces better, smile more, laugh more, use hands to communicate more, more expressive faces, understand non-verbal cues better
expectations of women
more dysfluent, stammers, interrupt more, speak more loudly, more restless
expectations of men
…. are aware of … stereotype and when concerned they will be judged based on that, they adjust accordingly
women, feminine
3 aspects of speech
- talkativeness
- affiliative speech
- assertive speech
talkativeness
general communication competence
affiliative speech
speech used to establish/maintain relationships
assertive speech
speech used to influence others
… are slightly more talkative than … due to…
girls, boys, girls speech developing sooner
boys use significantly more … speech than girls
assertive
girls show more positive emotions, boys show more externalising emotions BUT
at adolescence girls show more externalising emotions
for most women, language is primarily a way of…
establishing connections and negotiating relationships
for most men, language is primarily a way of
preserving independence and negotiate/maintain status in hierarchical social order
who is more likely to change subject/tell people not to worry
men
0.11 women showed better…
linguistic skills
do gay men perform better than straight men on verbal tasks?
yes
women outperform men on…
speech production and anagrams
men outperform women on…
analogies
Nurture perspective
Men and women are socialised differently
Men and women are socially pressured to communicate differently
Nature perspective
Evolution has pressured men and women to communicate differently
Hard-wired differences between men and women shape their communication
evidence for nature perspective
Female primates spend more time grooming one another than males
Female macaques used more social vocalisation with one another than males
Study of twin pairs shows verbal ability is in part heritable
distinct pressures in our evolutionary history:
women - must give birth, rear children, seek support, find secure home base
men - must compete to procreate through displays of strength, protection and good genes
resulting gender differences in behaviour:
women - communal women are more likely to survive
men - independent men more likely to survive
men are overrepresented in jobs that focus on getting stuff done (instrumental jobs)
gender roles/beliefs/socialistion/reinforcement
take on active jobs -> agentic -> taught/rewarded for masculine behaviour
women are overrepresented in jobs that focus on socio-emotional behaviour
gender roles/beliefs/socialistion/reinforcement
take on nurturing jobs -> communal -> taught/rewarded for feminine behaviour
effect size
Effect size is a statistical measure of the magnitude or size of this experimental effect. It tells you how strong the impact of a change in one variable is in its effect on the other variable.
