Systems Psyiology > 1.3 > Flashcards

1.3 Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. Cell structure
  2. Regulate traffic
  3. Distinct fluid compartments
  4. Ion gradients
    5 cell signalling
  5. Cell recognition/adhesion (extracellular sugar chains)
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2
Q

How are membrane lipids defined

A

Through their solubility

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3
Q

What are the 5 main types of membrane lipids

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Glycolipids
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Sphingolipids
  5. Terpenoids
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4
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins

A
  1. Integral (embedded)
  2. Peripheral
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5
Q

What do the molecular properties of lipids depend on

A

Length of the fatty acid chain
Degree of fatty acid saturation

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6
Q

What is Homeoviscous adaptation

A

Relevant constant membrane fluidity irrespective of external temperature

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7
Q

How does the number of carbon atoms affect membrane fluidity

A

It increases the membranes melting point
Animals living in hot climates will have longer chains

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8
Q

How does the number of double bonds affect membrane fluidity

A

Kinks prevent tight, crystal-like packing of the tails in the hydrophobic interior
Allows the tails more space to move

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9
Q

What are the typical positively charged groups of membrane phospholipids polar heads

A
  1. Choline
  2. Ethanolamine
  3. Serine
  4. Inositol
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10
Q

What is a choline

A

A quaternary ammonium compound

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11
Q

What is an ethanolamine

A

An organic compound with an alcohol and amine group

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12
Q

Characteristic of a serine

A

Undergoes O-linked glycosylation
(Post-translational modification)

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13
Q

What is glycerol

A

3 carbon backbone for phospholipids

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14
Q

What is inositol

A

A sugar important in signalling
A component of PIP2

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15
Q

What is esterification

A

A reaction of a carboxylic group with an alcohol to form an ester linkage

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16
Q

Each hydrocarbon tail of a phospholipid was derived from what

A

a Fatty acid

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17
Q

What are sphingolipids built from

A

Sphingosine

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18
Q

How do sphingolipids differ from phosphoglycerides

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A

Sphingosine is an amino-alcohol
Sphingosines contain NO glycerol

19
Q

What is sphingosine

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A

A derivative of serine
Ex: sphingomyelin in the myelin sheaths

20
Q

Describe glycolipids in the plasma membrane

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A

Often on the extracellular layer
May act as receptors to promote cell aggregation and dissociation, and in signal transduction

21
Q

Describe phospatidylcholine in the plasma membrane

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A

Most abundant phospholipid
On both extracellular and cytosolic faces
Increases acetylcholine in the brain, improving memory
Unsaturated

22
Q

Describe phosphatidyl serine in the plasma membrane

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A

Located on the cytosolic face
Presence on the extracellular face signals macrophages to trigger apoptosis
Cell death inactivates phospholipid translocator

23
Q

Describe phosphatidyl ethanolamine in the plasma membrane

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A

Generally on the cytosolic face contributes to oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria
Unsaturated

24
Q

Describe phosphatidyl inositol in the plasma membrane

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A

Typically on the cytosolic face
Ca2+ signalling for cells

25
How is environmental temperature related to degree of unsaturation
Inversely correlated
26
What is glycosylation
A enzymatic process of attaching sugar molecules to commonly proteins
27
Process of glycosylation
Starts in the ER by facilitating posttranslational protein folding modifications Then ensures that only properly folded proteins are trafficked to the Golgi
28
What may cause congenital disorders
Faulty glycosylation
29
What are the two types of glycosylation
O-linked (Serine or threonine) N-linked (Asparagine)
30
What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane at low temps
Increases membrane permeability for small molecules Prevents hydrophobic tails from solidifying and freezing
31
32
What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane at high temps
Reduces membrane permeability of small molecules Prevents excessive movement
33
What are the main constituent of Lipid Rafts
CHOLESTEROL Sphingolipids Glycolipids
34
What are lipid rafts
Dynamic assemblies of proteins and lipids that float freely in thickened areas of the membrane bilayer
35
Why are lipid rafts thicker
They are thick and solid, full of longer, more saturated fatty acid chains, to supply structural support to integral proteins that move molecules
36
What are the roles of Sphingolipids in lipid rafts
1. Contributes to biological membrane structure 2. Cell signaling: apoptosis, regulate growth, senescence(aging) A) targeting of GTPases to the pm 3. Myelination of neurons
37
______ ______ are involved in the genesis of some diseases 1. 2. 3. 4.
Lipid rafts Multiple sclerosis Parkinson’s Alzheimer’s Huntington’s
38
Describe the structure of cholesterol
4 fused rings make ring stable Hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail Hydrophilic OH group Amphipathic
39
Roles of cholesterol
Steroid hormone biosynthesis Precursor of: 1.Retinal (vitamin A for vision) 2. Vitamin E - oxidative damage 3. Vitamin D - Ca2+ metabolism 4: Vitamin K - blood clotting
40
What are isoprene units
The essential intermediates in the pathway from acetate to cholesterol synthesis
41
What are Terpenoids
Organic compounds derived from multiple isoprene units 2: Menthal 3: ginger 4. Squaline Lycopene - found in tomato and watermelon
42
What is the use of squaline
It is the parent compound of all steroids
43
Functions of isoprenoids
1. Pigments 2. Vitamins and Hormones 3. Health: antioxidants, ETC, anti-aging 4. Industrial: rubber, cleaning 5. Others: perfume, amber, incense
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