lecture 25

Question 1

what are the 4 lobes of the brain

Answer 1

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe

Question 2

describe the frontal lobe executive functions

Answer 2

working memory and attention
planning and organizing tasks
decision making and problem solving
impulse control and inhibition

Question 3

describe the parietal lobe executive functions

Answer 3

→ touch, temperature, pain, body awareness and orientation in
space, integration of sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints

Question 4

describe the temporal lobe executive functions

Answer 4

Auditory processing , i.e. understanding and recognizing
speech, music, and other auditory stimuli.

Question 5

describe the occipital lobe executive functions

Answer 5

Processes visual information, color perception, spatial
awareness, e.g, distance and depth.

Question 6

what are the deep sulci

Answer 6

separates the lobe of the brain
central sulcus, lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure), parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 7

describe the central sulcus

Answer 7

Separates the frontal
from the parietal lobe

Question 8

describe the Lateral sulcus
(Sylvian fissure)

Answer 8

Separates the temporal
lobe from frontal and
parietal lobes.
along the top of the head

Question 9

describe the Parieto-occipital sulcus:

Answer 9

Separates parietal lobe
from the occipital lobe

Question 10

what does every lobe of the brain have

Answer 10

primary ______ cortex
_______ association cortex

Question 11

what cortex would be active when making an executive decision for standing up and leaving someplace

Answer 11

primary motor cortex
(precentral gyrus)

Question 12

what cortex would be active when planning how to do something

Answer 12

pre-motor cortex

Question 13

what cortex(s) have the homonculus

Answer 13

primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
primary somatosensory cortes (postcentral gyrus)

Question 14

what cortex of the brain deals with executive function

Answer 14

prefrontal cortex

Question 15

what is between the auditory and parietal lobe

Answer 15

Wernicke’s area for understanding speech

Question 16

what did Brodmann do

Answer 16

mapped the cerebral cortex into 52 regions known as Broadman’s areas

Question 17

what is the neocortex

Answer 17

6 outer layers of the cerebral cortex
only found in mammals
HIGHLY DEVELOPED in primates
MOST developed in humans

Question 18

what are the cells of the neocortex

Answer 18

pyramidal cells
stellate cells
rosehip neurons

Question 19

describe the pyramidal cells of the neocortex

Answer 19

long axons with conical soma and dendrites.
✓ Release glutamate as the primary neurotransmitter
✓ Have receptors for other neurotransmitters

Question 20

describe the stellate cells of the neocortex

Answer 20

short axons and dendrites
✓ Also release glutamate

Question 21

describe the rosehip neurons of the neocortex

Answer 21

Release GABA (most inhibitory)

Question 22

describe the layers of the cerebral cortex

Answer 22

contrains the three cells of neocortex
Layer I → contains few, if any,
neuronal somas.
2. Layer II & III→ Signal integration
(local processing).
3. Layers III- VI→ projections to
deeper areas of the brain:

Question 23

what are the only cells that can send signals to the deeper areas of the brain

Answer 23

pyramidal cells with the axons to the deeper area

Question 24

what are the clusters of gray matter in a sea of white matter in the brain

Answer 24

nuclei

Question 25

what are the functions of the limbic system

Answer 25

learning, memory, emotions, behavior, and smell regulates motivations (reward and punishment)

Question 26

what is the amygdala

Answer 26

almond sized regulates emotions of FEAR and ANXIETY

Question 27

what is the significance of bilateral lesions of the amygdala

Answer 27

can cause hypersexuality ELIMINATES FEAR

Question 28

what are the parts of the brain related to limbic system

Answer 28

olfactory bulb, cingulate gyrus, fornix, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus

Question 29

describe the hippocampus

Answer 29

center of learning and memory forms and indexes memory captures information of behavioral episode in neocortex

Question 30

describe memory

Answer 30

declarative (explicit): factual nondeclarative (implicit): skills

Question 31

describe basal ganglia and motor control

Answer 31

very COMPLEX group of subcortical structures involved in regulation of motor control, including eye movement, balance as well as posture

Question 32

what can happen as a result of basal ganlgia damage

Answer 32

tremors, involuntary muscle movement, abnormal posture Ex) parkinson's and huntintons

Question 33

describe spinal cord in motor regulation

Answer 33

Groups of neurons Central pattern generators (CPG) produce rhythmic motor patterns, without sensory feedback. regulates reflexes Ex) contracting and extending leg muscles to walk

Question 34

what is the job of hypothalamus

Answer 34

stress regulation central to the regulation of autonomic functions: bridges nervous and endocrine system

Question 35

how do you strengthen the prefrontal cortex

Answer 35

new skills, hobbies, language, adequate sleep nurturing relationships

Question 36

what is the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

Answer 36

involved in processing rewards and punishments

Question 37

what is the VMPFC

Answer 37

Venteomedial prefrontal cortex evaluates potential outcomes, risk and uncertainty Subjective/personal significance

Question 38

what is the DLPFC

Answer 38

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex working memory, decision making, cognitive flexibility

Question 39

what are the three areas involved in temptation

Answer 39

OFC, VMPFC DLPFC if they cannot control amygdala and nucleus accumbens it results in impulsive behavior

Question 40

what does the nucleus accumbens do

Answer 40

regulates IMPULSIVE temptational emotions from releasing too much dopamine

Question 41

how do you convert impulsive to rational behavior

Answer 41

strengthen the prefrontal cortex (OFC, VMPFC, DLPFC)

Question 42

what type of studies are particularly important in clarifying location of brain functions

Answer 42

fMRI by localizing metabolic activity (blood oxygenation) from neuronal electrical activity

Question 43

what does the hypothelamus regulate

Answer 43

hunger, thirst, body temp, sleep, sexual activity, bloop pressure, heart rate