Systems Psyiology > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Q what is the function of the digestive system?

A

Provide body with energy and building blocks for complex structures

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2
Q

What are the four steps in digestion?

A

Ingestion
Mechanical and chemical digestion: increase surface area of food particles
Absorption: end products leave G.I. lumen and enter the bloodstream
Egestion: undigested material voided as feces

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3
Q

Where does extra cellular digestion occur?

A

In the lumen

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4
Q

Where does intracellular digestion occur?

A

Inside acidic Lysosomes using hydrolytic enzymes

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5
Q

What is an example of chemical digestion in vertebrates?

A

The chemical enzymatic process of hydrolysis using water molecules to breakdown a larger molecules

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6
Q

What is mastication?

A

Increasing the surface area of food particles

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7
Q

What is xerostomia

A

Not having enough saliva
(Dry mouth)

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8
Q

What are the specifics of chemical digestion in the mouth through hydrolysis?

A

There is salivary amylase (pytalin) in the saliva that breaks down starch into simpler sugars
And lingual lipase enzymes secreted from Von Ebner glands on the tongue that hydrolyzes dietary lipids

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9
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

Sublingual, submandibular, parotid Exocrine glands

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10
Q

What are glands?

A

Modified epithelial tissue
1. serous glands that produce watery secretions (salivary and sweat)
2. sebaceous glands that produce oily secretions (sebum)

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11
Q

What is deglutition?

A

The tongue pushing the bolus to the pharynx (throat) for swallowing

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12
Q

Describe the esophagus

A

A tube about 10 inches long that has two sphincters ( upper and lower esophageal sphincters)

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13
Q

What is the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

Guards the entrance to the esophagus
Tight regulation during belching, burping, and vomiting

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14
Q

What is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

Also called the cardiac sphincter
Malfunction causes GERD

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15
Q

What are the four major regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia: contains cardiac sphincter
Fondus: stores gas
Body: holds food
Pylorus: common regulate entry to duodenum 

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16
Q

What coordinates the digestive process?

A

Hormones traveling by blood from endocrine cells to target for stimulation or inhibition

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17
Q

What is the source and function of gastrin hormone

A

By G cells in the gastric antrum (lower stomach) and duodenum
in response to food presence, increased stomach, pH, vagal nerve stimulation

Stimulates parietal cells to release hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen promotes the growth of the gastric lining increases gastric muscle activity

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18
Q

What is the source and function of Secretin

A

Released by S cells in duodenum

in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
Secreted bicarbonate fluid

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19
Q

What is the source and function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

Produced by endocrine cells in duodenum
In response to digested fats and proteins, as well as neurons in the gut and brain

To stimulate the gallbladder to release bile, the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, slows the emptying of food in stomach and promotes satiety

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20
Q

What is the source and function of gastric inhibitory peptide?( GIP)

A

Produced by K cells in duodenum and jujenum in response to nutrients like fats and carbs
To stimulate glucose dependent insulin secretion from the pancreas, helping to lower blood glucose levels

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21
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors that work in the absorption of vitamin B12 by the ileum

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22
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

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23
Q

What are the accessory organs of digestion?

Study These Flashcards
A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas 

24
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

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A
  1. Synthesis of plasma proteins.
  2. Nutrient storage.
  3. Metabolism.
  4. Drug detoxification.
  5. Synthesis of bile salts.
25
What is the composition of bile?
Bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol bile pigments (Bilirubin)
26
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?
In the islets of Langerhans (cluster of endocrine cells, including) Alpha cells secreting glucagon Beta cells secreting insulin Gamma cells secreting somatostatin
27
What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions
28
What is Steatordhea
Oily stool: arises from lack of bile salts, or pancreatic insufficiency
29
What are the components of the small intestine?
Duodenum ( 10-15 in) Jujenum (2.5 meters) Ileum (3 meters)
30
What are plicae circulares
Circular folds that increase surface area
31
Where are pancreatic enzymes released
Into the lumen of the GI ract or found on the lumen membrane brush border
32
What is enterokinase/enteropeptidase
A brush border enzyme that activates trypsinogen
33
What are intraluminal proteases?
Released as proenzymes (zymogens) Protein-degrading enzymes within the lumen of the digestive tract from the pancreas
34
What is a zymogen?
An inactive substance that is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme
35
What are the kinds of protein digesting enzymes?
endopeptidases that break internal amino acid bonds Exopetidases: that split off terminal amino acids
36
What happens in the duodenum?
Disaccharides are broken down by brush border enzymes, usually nucleotidasrs peptides are hydrolyzed by pancreatic enzymes into smaller peptides and amino acids
37
38
Describe brush border enzymes breaking down maltose
Maltase: hydrolyzes maltose to two molecules of D – glucose
39
Describe brush border enzymes breaking down sucrose
Sucrase: hydrolyzes sucrose to glucose and fructose (invertase, sucrase, saccharase)
40
Describe brush border enzymes breaking down lactose
Lactase: hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and lactose
41
Describe the pancreatic enzymes in the duodenum
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are luminal enzymes Aminopeptidases and some carboxypeptidases are brush border enzymes 
42
how does a nucleotidase cleave
breaks down nucleotides into nucleosides and phosphate through hydrolysis
43
What are the forms of nutrient transport of digestive end products?
Facilitated diffusion Secondary active transport
44
What are the monosaccharide transporters functioning in the transport of digestive end products
SGLT1 GLUT2 GLUT5
45
Describe SGLT1
Apical Na+/Glucose Symporter
46
Describe GLUT2
Basal facilitated diffusion of glucose, galactose, and fructose
47
Describe Glut5
Apical Facilitated diffusion of fructose
48
What does amino acid transport in and out of epithelial cells rely on?
Neutral, acidic, and basic amino acid transporters
49
Describe bile salts
Amphipathic and emulsifying action They are absorbed at distal ilium, and recycled back to the liver 
50
Describe micelles
Dislike aggregates of molecules forming a colloidal particle
51
What do lipases do?
Hydrolyze triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol Triglycerides reconstitute in epithelial cells
52
Describe chylomicrons
Enter lacteals and transported to different destinations
53
What are lacteals
Lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorbed digested lipids/fats
54
Describe enterohepatic circulation,
The process where a substance like bile salts or drugs is secreted by the liver into the bile travels to the small intestine and is reabsorbed into the bloodstream to be transported back to the liver
55
Describe bile functions
Aids in lipid digestion elimination of bilirubin in poop
56
What are the key hormones in the regulation of appetite and hunger?
Ghrelin: from mucosal lining of stomach and upper intestines to stimulate hunger Leptin: from white adipose tissue to suppress hunger Peptide YY: works with leptin to suppress hunger
Systems Psyiology
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