Lecture 27

Question 1

what are the two glands that make steroid hormones

Answer 1

adrenal glands
gonads

Question 2

what hormones do pancreas make

Answer 2

peptide hormones

Question 3

describe the pancreas organ functions

Answer 3

both endocrine and exocrine
very important for digestion and hormones for the blood

Question 4

what cells of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes

Answer 4

acinal cells that release into the pancreatic duct and duodenum (sphincter of ordi)

Question 5

describe the islets of langerhand

Answer 5

produce alpha, beta, delta hormones

Question 6

descibe alpha cells

Answer 6

17% of islet
glucagon
increases blood glucose (hyperglycemic)

Question 7

describe beta cells

Answer 7

70% of islets
insulin
reduces blood glucose (hypoglycemic)

Question 8

describe Delta (D) cells

Answer 8

7% in islets
somatostatin
inhibit insulin and glucagon release

Question 9

what is the role of insulin

Answer 9

lowers blood sugar by increasing glucose transporters in tissue cells
stimulates glycogen formation

Question 10

what is wrong in type 2 diabetes

Answer 10

receptors for insulin are not sensitive

Question 11

How is ADH used

Answer 11

hypothalamus produced to kidney through collecting duct of nephron, leaves blood, binds to ADH receptor, activates cAMP, PKA, insertion of aquaporins to epithelial cell to transport H2O in lumen to blood.

urine becomes more concentrated

Question 12

what does the kidney produce

Answer 12

The erythropoietin (tells bone marrow to make blood cells) which promotes erythropoiesis

Question 13

what does aldosterone release do

Answer 13

decreases mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Question 14

describe atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 14

increases venous return
lowers blood pressure and volume

Question 15

what are macula densa cells

Answer 15

cells of the nephron distal tubule that secrete paracrine signals that inhibit renin secretion when blood pressure is high

Question 16

what is the role of renin

Answer 16

low blood pressure converts angiotensinogen (zymogen) into angiotensin I into angiotensin II

Question 17

what is the significance of angiotensin II

Answer 17

main vasoconstrictor, increasing bp
stimulates constriction of systemic arterioles
aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex (Na+)

Question 18

how does angiotensin II increase extracellular fluid volume

Answer 18

promotes thirst,
stimulates ADH secretion
increase NA+ reabsorption

Question 19

describe the role of aldosterone in the kidney

Answer 19

acts in late distal tubule and early collecting duct to increase reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+

Question 20

how does the ANP get stimulated and work

Answer 20

signaled by an increase in blood volume and stretching atrial muscle fibers
increase in ANP causes increase glomerular filtration and decrease in NA+ and H2O reabsorption
which causes Na+ and H2O excretion which lowers BP and volume

Question 21

describe calcium homeostasis when low blood Ca2+

Answer 21

a low Ca2+ blood level stimulates PTH to bones and kidneys
in bones, it stimulates osteoclasts to break down bones
in kidneys: reduces Ca2+ lost in urine, activates Vit. D increasing intestinal Ca2+ absorption

Question 22

describe calcium homeostasis when high blood Ca2+

Answer 22

stimulates calcitonin from thyroid gland to bones (keep) and kidneys (excrete) to decrease ca2+ levels

Question 23

what functions to inhibit PTH and calcitonin

Answer 23

normal ca2+ levels

Question 24

describe the interplay of two hormones that guide insect development

Answer 24

juvenile hormone retains juvenile characteristics
ecdysone: promotes metamorphosis

Question 25

describe calcitriol

Answer 25

steroid hormone from proximal tubule cells stimulated by low Ca2+ in blood increases absorption of ca2+ and phosphate ions by GI enterocytes

Question 26

describe calcitonin

Answer 26

peptide hormone from C-cells of thyroid gland released by high plasma level of Ca2+ stimulates osteoblasts to deposit ca2+ in bones

Question 27

what do high levels of stress trigger

Answer 27

triggers hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) overactivation of HPA-axis increases susceptibility to inflammation and autoimmune diseases

Question 28

what is the hypothalamus

Answer 28

bridge between endocrine and nervous sytem

Question 29

what are the acute and chromic effects of stress

Answer 29

acute: adaptive flight or flight to increase performance chronic: harmful levels of prolonged glucocorticoids that can cause muscle wasting, bone thinning, reproductive malfunctions, cardiovascular disorders

Question 30

what will activate as a result of mammalian stress

Answer 30

sympathetic nervous sytem and HPA axis

Question 31

what is the early response to stress

Answer 31

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 32

what parts of the HPA axis related to bodys stress response

Answer 32

Hypothalamus * Adenohypophysis * Adrenal Glands

Question 33

raised glucose levels from stress causes what

Answer 33

Glycogenolysis o Gluconeogenesis o -oxidation o Deamination

Question 34

what can uncontrolled high [glucose] lead to

Answer 34

insulin insensitivity

Question 35

what are the psychological effects of stress

Answer 35

formation of memories of emotionally charged events in amygdala and hippocampus arousal and alertness in other brain regions

Question 36

what early life experiences can exert lifelong effects on HPA axis

Answer 36

trauma poor nutrition in early life: elevated plasma glucocorticoid throughout life reduced glucocorticoid receptors in brain resulting in insensitivity to cortisol long epigenetic changes on HPA axis

Question 37

describe antagonistic hormones

Answer 37

hormones oppose one another ex) insulin/glucagon both oppose insulin

Question 38

describe synergism

Answer 38

effect of two hormones is greater than the sum ex)epinephrine and glucagon amplify each others effectiveness in opposing insulin and keeping [glucose] high

Question 39

describe permissive action

Answer 39

one hormone is required for the other to have its full effects ex) thyroid hormone/epinephrine

Question 40

how does the thyroid hormone exhibit permissive action

Answer 40

TH increases # adrenergic receptors in a cell

Question 41

describe complementary actions

Answer 41

2+ hormones each with a distinct, nonoverlapping contribution to a biological process ex) oxytocin and prolactin