Systems Psyiology > lecture 24 > Flashcards

lecture 24 Flashcards

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1
Q

describe arthropod nervous system

A

ventral nerve cord and segmental ganglia (plural)
- prothoracic, mesothoracic, metathoracic

brain and nerve cord in the thorax, not the head. the head only provides coordination

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2
Q

What is ganglion

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies and synaptic connections within the PNS
interconnected by connectives

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3
Q

describe the nucleus

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies and synaptic connections within the CNS

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4
Q

tract vs nerve

A

what are bundles of axonal fibers within the CNS and PNS
CNS = tract
PNS = nerve

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5
Q

what is commissure

A

a bundle of axons connecting the right and left side of the brain
ex) corpus callosum

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6
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

describe arthropod ganglia

A

outer rind of neuronal cell bodies surrounds an inner core of processes and synapses

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8
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system made of

A

peripheral nerves and ganglia
ex) somatic and autonomic divisions

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9
Q

how does communication of CNS with bodies tissues occur in vertebrates

A
  1. spinal nerves: 31 pairs organized into plexus
  2. cranial nerves: 12 pairs
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10
Q

what are the functions of the spinal cord

A
  1. send sensory information from body to brain
  2. relay motor commands from brain to body
  3. coordinate reflexes
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11
Q

what is the dorsal root

A

contains sensory neurons whose cell bodies (soma) are in the dorsal root ganglion

PNS

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12
Q

what system transports involuntary information from the bodys internal organs to the brain and spinal cord and vice versa

A

autonomic sensory system

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13
Q

what division controls the internal organs

A

involuntary autonomic effectors
ex) smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, etc.

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14
Q

describe the sympathetic nervous system

A

Thoraco-Lumbar Division
mediates arousal and fight or flight
sympathetic ganglia referred to as paravertebral ganglia or sympathetic trunk running beside the vertebral column

heart rate,bp increases,
parasympathetic goes down ex) digestion

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15
Q

describe the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Cranial-Sacral Division
mediates rest and digestion for maintenance of homeostasis

active during rest and digest, not stressed opens K+ channels

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16
Q

what is a plexus

A

network of nerves that controls a specific function or limb
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

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17
Q

what is gray matter

A

contains synapses between afferent neurons and association and between association and efferent enurons

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18
Q

what is white matter

A

myelinated axons

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19
Q

what are the ventral horns

A

contains cell bodies of motor neurons

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20
Q

what is the lateral horn

A

contains cell bodies of sympathetic neurons

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21
Q

what is the central neuron

A

contains cerebral spinal fluid

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22
Q

what is the dorsal-ventral patterning

A

dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons with a swollen portion

sensory neurons make their synaptic connections at dorsal horn

neurons that go to muscles connects with another cell body
on the ventral horn

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23
Q

where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system

A

thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

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24
Q

where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system

A

hindbrain
sacral region of spinal cord

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25
how many neurons are in chain for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
two in both
26
where are the ganglia located for sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
sympathetic: close to spinal cord parasympathetic: close to effector organ
27
describe the length of pre and postganglionic fibers in (para)sympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic: pre - short, post - long parasympathetic: pre - long, post - short
28
how many synapses per preganglionic neuron are in (para)sympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic: many parasympathetic: few
29
what are the neruotransmitters for pre and post, (para)sympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic: pre-ACh, post-NE parasympathetic: ACh for both pre and post
30
which type of signal transduction occurs faster- nicotinic vs muscarinic
nicotinic Ex) ACh influencing Na+ channels muscarinic is gprotein coupled Ex) NE
31
describe the somatic division of mammals
controls voluntary muscles and joints releases Acetylcholine ACh binds onto nicotinic receptors
32
describe the autonomic division of mammals
involuntary activity of internal organs presynaptic fiber of the sympathetic neurons release ACh while the postganglionic fiber release Norepinephrine parasympathetic neurons release ACh from both pre and postsynapticc fibers
33
what is cranial nerve I
olfactory sensory info. from nose
34
what is cranial nerve II
optic sensory visual information form eyes
35
what is cranial nerve III
oculomotor motor eye movement, pupil constriction, lens shape
36
what is cranial nerve IV
trochlear motor eye movement
37
what is cranial nerve V
trigeminal mixed sensory information from face, mouth; motor signals for chewing
38
what is the cranial nerve VI
Abducens motor eye movement
39
what is cranial nerve VII
facial mixed sensory for taste; efferent signals for tear and salivary glands, facial expression
40
what is cranial nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear sensory for hearing and equilibriuim
41
what is cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal mixed sensory from oral cavity, baro- and chemoreceptors in blood vessels' efferent for swallowing, parotid salivary gland secretion
42
what is cranial nerve X
Vagus mixed sensory and efferent to many internal organs, muscles, and glands
43
what is cranial nerve XI
spinal accessory motor for muscles of oral cavity, some muscles in neck and shoulder
44
what is cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal motor for tongue muscles
45
what is mnemonic for the CN functions
some say money matters, but my brother says, being brave matters most
46
what is the mnemonic for cranial enrves
oscars old ostrich tasted tomato and felt very good. vomited any how
47
what are the portions of the forebrain
subdivided into telencephalon and diencephalon
48
what is the portion for the midbrain
mesencephalon
49
what is the portions of the hindbrain
subdivided into the metencephalon and myelencephalon
50
describe the telencephalon
subdivision of forebrain consists of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, limbic system
51
what is the function of cerebral cortex
higher sensory, motor, and integrative functions
52
what is the function of hippocampus
learning and memory
53
what is the function of basal ganglia
motor control
54
what is the function of limbic system
emotions
55
describe the diencephalon
brain subdivision of the forebrain contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
56
what is the function of thalamus
major sensory relay
57
what is the function of hypothelamus
homeostatic and endocrine regulation circadian clock
58
describe the mesencephalon
brain subdivision of midbrain including superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
59
what is the function of superior colliculus
visual integration
60
what is the function of inferior colliculus
auditory integration
61
describe the metencephalon
subdivision of hindbrain containing cerebellum and pontine motor nuclei
62
describe the myelencephalon
subdivision of hindbrain consists of medulla oblongata
63
what is the function of cerebellum
motor coordination
64
what is the function of potine motor nuclei
descending motor controlw
65
what is the function of medulla oblongata
autonomic and respiratory control
66
describe the gyri (surface anatomy) of brain
hills proentral gyrus postcentral gyrus
67
describe the Sulci (surface anatomy) of the brain
valleys longitudinal fissure central sulcus (frontal/parietal) lateral (sylvian) sulcus (parietal/temporal) lobes Parietal-Occipital sulcus
68
what are the lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
69
what is the wernicke's area
coordinates with broca's area acts in part in understanding spoken language
70
what is the brocas area
coordinates with wernicke's area initiates grammatical speech
71
how are the broca's area dn wernicke's area related
neruons in wernicke's area send axons via the arcuate fasciculus to broca's area
72
describe the motor homonculus
primary motor cortex, band of gray matter located just anterior to the central sulcus
73
describe the sensory homonculus
sensory receptors on the body surface project tohe somatosensory cortex, a region of the cerebral cortex located just posterior to the central sulcus
74
how are body parts related to region in homonculus
the size of a body part is determined by number of receptors or the nerve endings per square cm ex) lips have disproportionately larger area in the homonculus
75
What does the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions provide
Dual innervation of most visceral autonomic effectors
76
how are the somatic and autonomic systems differ in how they transmit signals (#synapses)
somatic motor neurons directly innervate muscle without an intervening peripheral synapse autonomic control effectors involve a two-neuron relay with a peripheral synapse between the two neurons located in an autonomic ganglion
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