What are Functional Groups
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of an organic compound
What are Stereoisomers
molecules with same chemical formula but different 3D structures
arising from chiral centers
What is an Epimer
Stereoisomers differing in the configuration of only one chiral center
D-Glucose & D-Mannose
What are Enantiomers
molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other
D & L-Glucose
What are Anomers
Type of epimer where carbohydrates only differ in the configuration at the anomeric carbon
What is the anomeric carbon
The carbon in a cyclic carbohydrate that was the carbonyl carbon (aldehyde or ketone) in the linear (acyclic) form
primarily forms glycosidic bonds with alcohols and amines to join monosaccharides
How does a hemiacetal form
product of alcohol adding to the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone
What does a hemiacetal consist of
a carbon atom bonded to both a hydroxyl group and an ether
What is Amylose
long straight molecule with glucose linked by α−1-4 glycosidic bonds
low Glycemic index
does not gelatinize
What is Amylopectin
branched molecule with glucose linked through α-1-4 and α1-6 glycosidic bonds
higher glycemic index
sticky
What is Glycogen
Highly branched homopolysaccharide (built from only one type of monomer) of glucose
Storage Carbohydrates in Animals
Osmotic: every gram contains 3-4 grams of water
What is Chitin
Structure:
Primary structural component of Arthropod Exoskeleton
digestible by humans
Cellulose
Structure to plant cell walls
humans lack enzymes to break down cellulose
digestible by human symbiotic gut bacteria
What is necessary for healthy gut microbiome
Fiber
What is produced as the human gut microbiota ferment dietary fibers like cellulose
they produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
Ex) acetate, propionate, butyrate
What do SCFA do
improve
Immune system
metabolic health
weight and appetite
reduce inflammation
improves mineral absorption
What would a diet look like to promote SCFA production
Whole grains
legumes
fruits
vegetable
nuts
seeds
What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
polysaccharide of repeating disaccharide units
Specifically:
What are the functions of Glycosaminoglycans
lubricating joints
healthier skin
improved wound healing
relieves dry eye and discomfort
plays a role in blood clotting
Ex) Heparin, Hyaluronic acid
Carbohydrates role in Information Storage
Dexoyribose (DNA)
Ribose (RNA)
What do Nucleotides contain
Sugar, base, phosphate group
Role of Carbohydrates in the plasma membrane
exist on cell’s outer surface as glycoproteins or glycolipids for cell adhesion or cell recognition
blood groups, cells of immune system
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Chapter 149
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1.259
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1.343
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Lecture 1056
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Lecture 1123
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Lecture 1233
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Lecture 1330
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Lecture 1440
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Lecture 1545
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Lecture 1622
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Lecture 1721
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Lecture 1826
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Lecture 1932
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Lecture 2053
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Lecture 2136
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Lecture 2248
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lecture 2321
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lecture 2476
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lecture 2543
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lecture 2654
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Lecture 2741
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Lecture 2851
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lecture 2948
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Lecture 3046
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Lecture 3138
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Lecture 3230
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Psychedelics25
