Lecture 30

Question 1

what are the two main roles of circulatory system (cardiovascular system)

Answer 1

Transport
Maintaining Body temperature

Question 2

describe diffusion and bulk transport

Answer 2

diffusion is sufficient for small organisms
bulk transport is necessary for large organisms

Question 3

what gets transported in the circulatory system

Answer 3

nutrients
waste
gas
hormones
components of immune system

Question 4

what is bulk flow

Answer 4

movement of a fluid down pressure gradient

Question 5

what are the 3 requirements of bulk flow

Answer 5

pump: heart generating circulatory pressure
distribution network: vessels
transport medium: fluid

Question 6

where is the highest/lowest pressure in the systemic circulation

Answer 6

highest: aorta
lowest: vena cava

Question 7

what is the role of pulmonary/systemic circulation

Answer 7

pulmonary: oxidizing blood
systemic: distributing and collecting blood from body

Question 8

where is the highest/lowest pressure in the pulomarycirculation

Answer 8

highest: pulmonary artery
lowest: left atrium

Question 9

describe the vertebrate vs invertebrate heart

Answer 9

vertebrate: myogenic
invertebrate: neurogenic

Question 10

what originates from the base o f the aorta

Answer 10

two coronary arteries

Question 11

what are the papillary muscles

Answer 11

from inner walls of left and right ventricle that prevent av valves from prolapse during contraction

Question 12

what separates the left and right ventricles

Answer 12

interventricular septum

Question 13

what is the foramen ovale

Answer 13

opening in the heart of unborn baby allowing blood to flow from right to left atrium

Question 14

what valves regulate blood ventricles to aorta and lungs

Answer 14

aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves (left and right)

Question 15

what is the first heart sound from

Answer 15

closing of atrio-ventricular values

Question 16

what is the second heart sound from

Answer 16

closing of semilunar valves

Question 17

what is the endocardium

Answer 17

lines the inside of the chambers and forms the surface of the valves

Question 18

what is the myocardium

Answer 18

the muscular tissue of the heart

Question 19

what is the pericardium

Answer 19

outermost layer of heart
visceral (epicardium): covers the heart monitoring fluid
parietal: touch protective tissue that anchors it within mediastinum

Question 20

what are the three layers of major blood vessels

Answer 20

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica interna

Question 21

what is the tunica externa (adventitia)

Answer 21

connective tissue (collagen and elastin)
strong to withstand high pressure

Question 22

what is the tunica media

Answer 22

primarily smooth muscle
thickest layer for stretching
regulates diameter

Question 23

what is the tunica interna (intima)

Answer 23

endothelium simple squamous tissue
continuous with innermost layer of heart

Question 24

Describe the structures of arteries vs veins

Answer 24

veins have more inner space to hold more blood

Question 25

describe arteries

Answer 25

very close to heart elastic walls that store energy from each heartbeat during systole ensures continuous flow of blood during diastole

Question 26

what are veins

Answer 26

ensure unidirectional flow milking action of skeletal muscle pump respiratory pump driven by diphragm and intercostal muscles contributing to venous return

Question 27

what are arteries

Answer 27

pressure reservoirs 15% of blood high pressure blood away from heart

Question 28

what drives flow during diastole

Answer 28

elasticity of arteries

Question 29

what are the role of veisn

Answer 29

volume reservoirs blood back to heart 65% of blood one-way valves for continuous blood flow at low pressure

Question 30

what are the distribution/resistance vessels

Answer 30

arterioles sites of vasodilation/constriction sphincters regulate blood flow

Question 31

what are the exchange vessles

Answer 31

capillaries for diffusion pressure differs between arteriole and venule ends

Question 32

where does fluid that does not return to capillaries go

Answer 32

picked up by lymphatic vessles that empty into lymphatic and thoracic duct empty into subclavian V

Question 33

what is the role of arterioles sphincters

Answer 33

to regulate blood flow into capillaries by opening and closing the entrance to capillary beds

Question 34

Where are continuous capillaries found

Answer 34

found in skin, nervous system, muscle tissue

Question 35

where are fenestrated capillaries found

Answer 35

intestines, endocrine glands, kidney glomeruliw

Question 36

where are sinusoidal capillaries found

Answer 36

liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 37

angiogenesis

Answer 37

constant remodeling (formation and differentiation) of capillaries promoted by hypoxia (low O2) cancerous growths, tissue damage

Question 38

what is the blood composition

Answer 38

blood proteins: respiratory pigments, albumin, transferrin, globulins

Question 39

what are the respiratory pigments in blood

Answer 39

Hb, Mb, hemerythrin, cholorocruorin

Question 40

what is albumin

Answer 40

contributes to colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)

Question 41

what is transferrin

Answer 41

iron transport

Question 42

what are globulins

Answer 42

immunologic functions antibodies

Question 43

what is hematocrit

Answer 43

fraction of blood that is erythrocytes RBC

Question 44

what is hemostasis

Answer 44

stopping of blood flow

Question 45

What does the papillary muscle attach to

Answer 45

the cusps of atrioventricular valves by chordae tendineae

Question 46

What is the function of chordae tendinae

Answer 46

prevents valve prolapse during systole (no regurgitation)