7303 Neuroanatomy > 2.1 Lecture notes > Flashcards

2.1 Lecture notes Flashcards

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1
Q

two possible pathways for afferents

A
  • spinal cord (via dorsal roots)

- solitary nucleus (via cranial nerve)

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2
Q

Where does referred pain come from?

A
  • nociception from the viscera joins nociceptive axons and go to the somatosensory cortex
  • all axons traveling together in the same group
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3
Q

Where does muscle guarding come from?

A

when somatic efferents join autonomic efferents

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4
Q

What parts of the brain make the decision on what to do with afferent information that’s received?

A

pons

medulla

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5
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in taste?

A

VII
IX
X

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with abdominal and thoracic viscera

A

IX

X

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7
Q

Where is the solitary nucleus located?

A

medulla

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8
Q

Where does the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine?

A

directly into the bloodstream

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9
Q

targets for sympathetic

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • bronchi
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10
Q

nicotinic receptors: where did the name come from?

A
  • nicotine can bind and competitively inhibit ACh from binding
  • activates the receptors
  • sensitive to nicotine
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11
Q

Nicotinic receptors are always ______

A

ionotropic

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12
Q

sympathetic: What levels are the preganglionic nuclei in?

A

T1-L2

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13
Q

What are the levels in the parasympathetic system?

A
  • cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

- S2-S4

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14
Q

parasympathetic: preganglionic neuron releases

A

ACh (nicotinic, fast)

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15
Q

parasympathetic: postganglionic neuron releases

A

ACh (muscarinic, g-protein, slow)

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16
Q

targets for parasympathetic

A
  • glands
  • smooth muscle
  • heart
  • bronchioles
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17
Q

What happens when nicotine binds to receptors?

A
  • fast effect

- feeling of alertness and calmness

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18
Q

Why is it so difficult for people to quit smoking?

A
  • difficult for ACh to do its job
  • don’t get continued stimulation of reward pathway
  • nicotine also changes the shape of the synapse
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19
Q

What sort of effects are seen with muscarinic receptors?

A

slow responses (i.e. peristalsis, slowing down the system)

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20
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A
  • where some of the preganglionic neurons synapse

- don’t have to

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21
Q

To get to the face and arteries of the upper limb, where must sympathetic fibers run?

A

through cervical paravertebral ganglia

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22
Q

sympathetic T5-T12 supplies

A

abdominal and viscera

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23
Q

sympathetic T1-T4 supplies

A

heart and lungs

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24
Q

sympathetic L1-L2 supplies

A

bowel, bladder, genitals, LE

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25
sympathetic preganglionic axons
short
26
sympathetic postganglionic axons
long
27
Where do the cervical ganglia come from?
T1
28
All sympathetic signals come from HERE
- pons | - medulla
29
body temperature regulation starts here
adrenal medulla
30
main function of adrenal medulla
release epinephrine (can also release norepinephrine)
31
What can epinephrine do?
- increase metabolism | - activate alpha adrenergic receptors
32
What can norepinephrine do?
- activate alpha adrenergic receptors
33
What happens when alpha adrenergic receptors are activated?
- increase blood flow to skin - change in radiation of heat - erection of hair cells - activation of sweat glands
34
What are the skeletal muscle blood vessels called?
capacitance vessels
35
At rest, what is happening with respect to blood flow in the muscles?
blood pools in the capacitance vessels at rest
36
How does the sympathetic system regulate blood flow?
- norepinephrine activates alpha adrenergic receptors - causes vasoconstriction - blood flows to brain
37
What does norepinephrine activate to regulate the viscera?
either - beta 1 adrenergic - beta 2 adrenergic
38
beta 1 adrenergic
increases HR + contraction force
39
beta 2 adrenergic
dilates bronchioles
40
What do alpha blockers do?
decrease HBP | - block vasoconstriction
41
What will a patient on alpha blockers also likely be taking and why?
- blood thinner | - don't want blood to pool
42
beta 1 blocker
decreases HR and contraction force
43
beta 2 agonist
decreases asthma symptoms
44
What effects does epinephrine have on the body?
- increases blood glucose levels - increases release of norepinephrine - supercharges metabolism
45
What does stress cause the release of?
release of - epinephrine (and norepinephrine) - cortisol
46
Why is cortisol a potential problem?
- can feed back and cause additional release of epi/norepi - random eating habits - exhaustion
47
sympathetic efferents in the head
pretty much the same as the body - pupils dilate - eyelids open - decreased salivary output
48
sympathetic effects on blood flow to the gut
decreases (that's why the stomach might hurt)
49
What muscle type is responsible for eyelids opening in response to sympathetic activation?
smooth muscle
50
parasympathetic efferents come from
- cranial nerve III, VII, IX, X | - sacral S2-S4
51
parasympathetic: preganglionic neuron is
very long
52
parasympathetic: postganglionic neuron is
- very short | - sometimes right on the target organ
53
Where do S2-S4 preganglionic neurons travel?
along pelvic splanchnic nerves
54
CN III
pupil constriction
55
CN VII
acts on lacrimal glands
56
CN VII and IX
work together to act on salivary glands
57
CN X
- decreases HR - decreases peristalsis - decreases contraction force of heart - constrict bronchi
58
Of the cranial nerve efferents, about 75% go through this nerve
vagus
59
How is regulation of HR achieved with sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
- parasympathetic: works through vagus nerve | - sympathetic: works through spinal cord
60
afferents from the heart
- projects to and receives efferents from both sympathetic and parasympathetic - DIRECT innervation of the heart from both
7303 Neuroanatomy
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