Exam 2 Study Guide 4

Question 1

What are the BG functional loops connected with?

Answer 1

motor (pyramidal) tracts

Question 2

What happens when BG are damaged?

Answer 2

abn behavior and movements

Question 3

SNpc

Answer 3

• widespread control of BG, emotion, movement

- contains dopaminergic neurons

Question 4

SNpr

Answer 4

• major output nucleus of BG

- involved in direct and indirect pathways

Question 5

Perforating branches of posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries supply:

Answer 5

SN

STN

Question 6

perforating branches of MCA (aka lenticulostriate) supply:

Answer 6

striatum

Question 7

anterior choroidal artery (branch of internal carotid) supplies:

Answer 7

globus pallidus

Question 8

anterior cerebral artery (medial striate) supplies:

Answer 8

caudate

Question 9

Which structures make decisions about motor based on circumstances?

Answer 9

• head of the caudate

- prefrontal cortex

Question 10

What is considered with decision making?

Answer 10

• emotions
• stress levels
• environmental considerations

Question 11

How does the head of the caudate help with motor planning?

Answer 11

takes in sensory stimuli to make decisions

Question 12

How do direct/indirect pathways work?

Answer 12

• antagonistic to one another

- neither is completely inactive

Question 13

Lack of indirect pathway leads to

Answer 13

hyperkinesia

Question 14

Lack of direct pathway input leads to

Answer 14

hypokinesia

Question 15

overall function of indirect movement

Answer 15

modulates the direct pathway to produce smooth movements

Question 16

What happens when you get disruption of the direct pathway?

Answer 16

hypokinesia

Question 17

Which condition is associated with hypokinesia?

Answer 17

Parkinson’s

Question 18

Which condition is associated with hyperkinesia?

Answer 18

Huntington’s

Question 19

How does dopamine affect movement?

Answer 19

• favors movement via direct pathway

- increases movement

Question 20

Which receptor increases direct pathway activity?

Answer 20

D1

Question 21

Which receptor decreases indirect pathway activity?

Answer 21

D2

Question 22

Huntington’s

Answer 22

• hyperkinesia
• lose GABAergic neurons in the striatum
• no indirect pathway control

Question 23

Parkinson’s

Answer 23

• hypokinesia
• lose 80% of dopaminergic neurons
• can’t make switch in activating direct pathway

Question 24

Both pathways from the motor cortex (with respect to the motor cortex and GPi) are (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 24

excitatory

Question 25

GPi to VLPP is (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 25

inhibitory

Question 26

VLPP to reticulospinal is (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 26

inhibitory

Question 27

GPi to midbrain is (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 27

inhibitory

Question 28

midbrain to reticulospinal is (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 28

excitatory

Question 29

What types of info feeds into the cerebellum?

Answer 29

- sensory - proprioception - somatosensation - GTO - cutaneous mechanoreceptors

Question 30

3 functional regions of the cerebellum

Answer 30

- vestibulocerebellum - spinocerebellum - cerebrocerebellum

Question 31

systems feeding into vestibulocerebellum

Answer 31

vestibular | visual

Question 32

vestibulocerebellum feeds into

Answer 32

- eye movements | - postural movements

Question 33

spinocerebellum has to do with

Answer 33

- gross movements | - has effect on lateral and medial UMN systems

Question 34

inputs for spinocerebellum

Answer 34

- somatosensory - sensorimotor - spiniocerebellar internal feedback tracts (SC)

Question 35

outputs for spinocerebellum

Answer 35

- thalamus - brainstem projects to lateral and medial UMN

Question 36

cerebrocerebellum has to do with

Answer 36

fine movement

Question 37

inputs to cerebrocerebellum

Answer 37

somatosensory motor cortices via dentate nucleus

Question 38

outputs of cerebrocerebellum

Answer 38

- motor thalamus | - cerebral cortex

Question 39

inferior cerebellar peduncle receives afferents from

Answer 39

contralateral ION

Question 40

middle cerebellar peduncle receives afferents from

Answer 40

pontine nuclei (mostly from cerebral cortex) cortex» pons» cerebellum

Question 41

superior cerebellar peduncle sends efferents to

Answer 41

thalamic nuclei | brainstem

Question 42

What supplies blood to the cerebellum?

Answer 42

SCA AICA PICA

Question 43

cerebellum helps to

Answer 43

coordinate movement

Question 44

SCA is off the

Answer 44

basilar artery

Question 45

AICA is off the

Answer 45

basilar artery

Question 46

PICA is off the

Answer 46

vertebral arteries