2.9 Study Guide

Question 1

What forms the neural plate?

Answer 1

longitudinal thickening of ectoderm

Question 2

What happens after day 24 during embryonic development?

Answer 2

• more folds forming

- ½ million neurons per minute

Question 3

When does brain formation begin?

Answer 3

day 28

Question 4

What is spina bifida with myelomeningocele almost always associated with?

Answer 4

Arnold Chiari Type II

Question 5

In addition to motor problems, what other problems may present with cerebral palsy?

Answer 5

• sensation
• cognition
• language

Question 6

Arnold Chiari malformation may compress this nerve

Answer 6

CN VIII

Question 7

microcephaly

Answer 7

• small head
• developmental issues
• treat the symptoms

Question 8

dentate ligaments

Answer 8

• go through arachnoid mater to dura mater

- stabilize spinal cord

Question 9

functions of astrocytes

Answer 9

• cell signaling
• helps form blood brain barrier
• remove NT from synaptic clefts
• clean up debris
• regulation connect neurons and capillaries

Question 10

pseudounipolar neurons

Answer 10

• 2 axons
• no true dendrites
• bring info from the body into the spinal cord

Question 11

EPSP

Answer 11

• NT binds to postsynaptic membrane receptor that opens
• positive ions (Na+ and Ca2+) flow in
• membrane depolarized

**summation of EPSPs can fire an AP

Question 12

IPSP

Answer 12

• NT binds to postsynaptic membrane receptor
• negative ion channels open (Cl-)
• membrane hyperpolarized

**inhibits AP when summated

Question 13

local potentials

Answer 13

• EPSP and IPSP summated to see if an AP will fire

Question 14

type of receptor: direct activation, fast

Answer 14

ionotropic

Question 15

type of receptor: indirect activation, slower, affects gene expression and metabolism

Answer 15

metabotropic

Question 16

ACh in PNS (fast and slow effects)

Answer 16

• fast: muscle

- slow: HR and other autonomic functions

Question 17

ACh in CNS (slow)

Answer 17

neuromodulation involved in control of movement and selection of attention

Question 18

primarily inhibits in the brainstem and spinal cord

Answer 18

glycine

Question 19

principle fast excitatory NT of CNS

Answer 19

glutamate

Question 20

primarily acts at interneurons within spinal cord as an inhibitor

Answer 20

GABA

Question 21

acts on pleasure and reward centers

Answer 21

dopamine

Question 22

affects mood and perception of pain

Answer 22

serotonin

Question 23

strongly implicated as a neuromodulator in pathophysiology of pain syndromes that involve perception of normally innocuous stimuli as painful

Answer 23

substance P

Question 24

how to see lesions in white matter

Answer 24

MRI

Question 25

CNS demyelination

Answer 25

multiple sclerosis

Question 26

PNS demyelination

Answer 26

Guillain-Barré

Question 27

Why is MS hard to diagnose?

Answer 27

usu manifests with one sign that may completely resolve

Question 28

What does lead mimic during neurotransmission?

Answer 28

mimics Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu

Question 29

How does lead affect neurotransmission?

Answer 29

irreversibly connects so the other ions can't

Question 30

What therapy is used for lead poisoning?

Answer 30

chelation therapy - can remove lead from the body - not successful in children

Question 31

What are the axon types?

Answer 31

``` Ia Ib II A-beta A-delta C fibers ```

Question 32

first step in fast pain pathway

Answer 32

initial, immediate sharp sensation that indicates location of the injury

Question 33

In the fast pain pathway, which laminae are the cell bodies of the second order neurons found?

Answer 33

I, II, V of dorsal horn

Question 34

Where do most neurons end in the thalamus?

Answer 34

VPL

Question 35

What results from a lesion in the VPL of the thalamus?

Answer 35

- interrupts pathway to cortex | - inability to localize painful stimuli despite feeling affective (emotional) aspects of pain

Question 36

example of slow pain

Answer 36

if you break a bone in your hand, it feels like your whole hand hurts

Question 37

nerve fiber type in slow pain pathway

Answer 37

small, unmyelinated C fiber

Question 38

lamina I

Answer 38

marginal layer

Question 39

lamina II

Answer 39

substantia gelatinosa

Question 40

NT for slow pain pathway

Answer 40

substance P

Question 41

divergent pathway

Answer 41

slow pain

Question 42

In the anterior spinothalamic tract, which is the only tract perceived as pain?

Answer 42

spinolimbic

Question 43

Where is the reticular formation?

Answer 43

brainstem

Question 44

Where do axons go from the reticular formation?

Answer 44

project to midline and intralaminar nuclei of the nucleus

Question 45

spinolimbic pathway: small or large receptive fields?

Answer 45

large

Question 46

VPL

Answer 46

ventral posterolateral nucleus

Question 47

How are fast and slow pain transmitted from the face?

Answer 47

sensory portion of the trigeminal nerve joints with the fast or slow pain pathway

Question 48

steps of fast pain from the face

Answer 48

- 1˚ fibers enter pons - travel down into medulla and upper cervical cord in descending tract of trigeminal nerve - synapse in spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve - 2˚ fibers cross and ascend to VPL of thalamus - 3˚ fibers project to cerebral cortex

Question 49

steps of slow pain from the face

Answer 49

trigeinoreticulolimbic pathway - 1˚ fibers are C-fibers in trigeminal nerve - synapse in reticular formation - neurons project to intralaminar nuclei to the cerebral cortex

Question 50

What neuronal subtype is the primary somatosensory neuron?

Answer 50

pseudounipolar

Question 51

ANS: mechanoreceptors for pressure

Answer 51

- aortic baroreceptors - carotid sinuses - lungs

Question 52

ANS: mechanoreceptors for stretch

Answer 52

distention in veins, bladder, or intestines

Question 53

ANS: chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies

Answer 53

respond to oxygen

Question 54

ANS: chemoreceptors in medulla

Answer 54

responds to hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide

Question 55

ANS: chemoreceptors in hypothalamus

Answer 55

responds to blood glucose levels and concentration of electrolytes

Question 56

ANS: nociceptive responses found in

Answer 56

- viscera | - walls of arteries

Question 57

visceral nociceptors are responsive to

Answer 57

chemical irritation

Question 58

controls pituitary

Answer 58

hypothalamus