Week 1 Continued

Question 1

What causes Down syndrome?

Answer 1

trisomy 21

Question 2

what does trisomy mean?

Answer 2

additional copy of chromosome 21

Question 3

brain changes associated with down syndrome

Answer 3

• reduced cognitive abilities

- hypotonia

Question 4

hypotonia

Answer 4

low muscle tone

Question 5

neural changes associated with Down syndrome

Answer 5

• reduced brain size
• fewer cortical neurons
• abnormal dendrites
• cerebellar changes

Question 6

What is Arnold-Chiari malformation?

Answer 6

• congenital anomaly
• medulla and posterior cerebellum elongate into foramen magnum
• may be asymptomatic
• may result in hydrocephalus and other problems

Question 7

Arnold-Chiari malformation

- Symptoms may include:

Answer 7

• severe headache
• ataxia due to cerebellar compression
• weakness of muscles of face and tongue
• hearing loss and balance disruptions

Question 8

Why do we get hearing loss and balance disruptions with Arnold-Chiari malformation?

Answer 8

CN VIII compression

Question 9

developmental coordination disorder

Answer 9

• classification for children with normal intellect, without TBI or cerebral palsy or other neuro problems
• lack motor coordination to perform tasks that most children their age can perform
• condition usually continues into adulthood

Question 10

ADHD: characterized by

Answer 10

• developmentally inappropriate inattention
• impulsivity
• motor restlessness

Question 11

ADHD brain

Answer 11

volume of many brain areas is reduced

• prefrontal cortex
• caudate and putamen
• dorsal cingulate cortex
• cerebellum

Question 12

individuals with autistic disorders

Answer 12

• engage in repetitive behaviors
• have limited interests
• appear to lack imagination
• are not interested in interacting with others

Question 13

individuals with Asperger’s disorder

Answer 13

• speak and have normal or higher intelligence
• have limited social skills
• have narrow range of interests
• have repetitive and frequently obsessive behaviors that interfere with school, work, or social life

Question 14

Infants who develop signs of autism later show traits at 12 months that include

Answer 14

• poor eye contact
• decreased shared attention
• decreased communication
• decreased social interaction

Question 15

brain differences in autism

Answer 15

• reduced communication among cerebral areas

- larger than normal amygdala during childhood

Question 16

What compete for synaptic sites?

Answer 16

neuronal projections

Question 17

critical periods of development during infancy: what happens?

Answer 17

• neuronal projections compete for synaptic sites

- nervous system optimizes neural connections during critical period

Question 18

interruptions in development during a critical period may explain this

Answer 18

some difference between perinatal and adult brain injuries

Question 19

Adults with brain damage lose

Answer 19

descending control

Question 20

What is true of adult brain injury patients that is different for infants?

Answer 20

inappropriate connections or abnormal spinal motor circuits do not compound dysfunction

*because development is already complete