Ch9 ANS 1

Question 1

receptors of the ANS

Answer 1

• mechanoreceptors
• chemoreceptors
• nociceptors
• thermoreceptors

Question 2

mechanoreceptors respond to

Answer 2

• pressure

- stretch

Question 3

chemoreceptors respond to

Answer 3

chemical concentrations in the blood

Question 4

nociceptors respond to

Answer 4

• stretch

- ischemia

Question 5

different types of thermoreceptors in:

Answer 5

• hypothalamus

- skin

Question 6

hypothalamus thermoreceptors respond to

Answer 6

very small changes in the temp of circulating blood

Question 7

cutaneous thermoreceptors respond to

Answer 7

external temperature changes

Question 8

visceral afferents synapse with

Answer 8

• visceral afferents in the spinal cord

- neurons that ascend to regions of the brainstem, hypothalamus, and thalamus

Question 9

visceral nociceptive afferents synapse with

Answer 9

• somatosensory nociceptive afferents

- somatic efferents

Question 10

visceral nociceptive afferents synapsing with somatosensory nociceptive efferents cause

Answer 10

referred pain

Question 11

visceral nociceptive afferents synapsing with somatic efferents produce

Answer 11

muscle guarding

Question 12

autonomic functions controlled in the medulla

Answer 12

• heart rate
• respiration
• vasoconstriction/vasodilation

Question 13

How does the medulla regulate autonomic functions?

Answer 13

• signals to autonomic efferents in spinal cord

- signals conveyed by vagus nerve

Question 14

autonomic functions controlled in the pons

Answer 14

regulation of respiration

Question 15

How are the autonomic functions of the brainstem controlled?

Answer 15

• hypothalamus
• thalamus
• limbic system

Question 16

What does the hypothalamus influence?

Answer 16

• cardiorespiratory
• metabolic
• water reabsorption
• digestive activity

Question 17

How does the hypothalamus exert influence?

Answer 17

acts on

• pituitary gland
• control centers in brainstem
• spinal cord

Question 18

How does the hypothalamus use visceral information?

Answer 18

maintains equilibrium in the body

Question 19

Where is the majority of the visceral information conveyed?

Answer 19

limbic system

Question 20

What is the role of the thalamus in the processing of visceral information?

Answer 20

• projects to the limbic system

Question 21

limbic system

Answer 21

• in cerebrum

- involved in emotion, mood, motivation

Question 22

autonomic responses of the limbic system

Answer 22

• activated areas produce responses

- increased HR due to anxiety, blushing, crying, etc.

Question 23

classifications of autonomic efferents

Answer 23

• sympathetic

- parasympathetic

Question 24

How many neurons in the pathway that connects the CNS to the autonomic effectors?

Answer 24

2

Question 25

Where do the two neurons between CNS/efferents synapse?

Answer 25

peripheral ganglion

Question 26

preganglionic neuron

Answer 26

extends from CNS to ganglion

Question 27

postganglionic neuron

Answer 27

connects ganglion with effector organ

Question 28

differences between somatic and autonomic system

Answer 28

- unconscious regulation due to hormones - internal organs function independent of CNS input - number of neurons

Question 29

somatic pathways have __ neurons

Answer 29

1

Question 30

autonomic pathways use ___ neurons

Answer 30

2: synapse outside the CNS

Question 31

How is all CNS output delivered?

Answer 31

somatic or autonomic efferents

Question 32

somatic efferents innervate

Answer 32

- only skeletal muscle | - frequently voluntary

Question 33

autonomic efferents innervate

Answer 33

- all other body parts (other than muscle) that are innervated

Question 34

autonomic neurons secrete these neurotransmitters

Answer 34

- acetylcholine (cholinergic) - norepinephrine (adrenergic) - epinephrine (adrenergic)

Question 35

Which ANS neurons secrete acetylcholine?

Answer 35

- all ANS preganglionic neurons | - postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic system

Question 36

What do the effects of a NT depend upon?

Answer 36

type of receptors activated by the NT

Question 37

2 groups of cholinergic receptors

Answer 37

- muscarine (poison derived from mushrooms) | - nicotine (derived from tobacco)

Question 38

How does nicotine work?

Answer 38

activates ACH receptors on skeletal muscle membrane and in limbic areas of the brain - limbic system causes alertness/arousal » addiction - improves performance on tasks that require careful, intense attention

Question 39

NT released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Answer 39

norepinephrine

Question 40

Which part of the brain releases epi and norepi directly into the blood?

Answer 40

medulla

Question 41

What are receptors called that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine?

Answer 41

adrenergic receptors

Question 42

two groups of adrenergic receptors

Answer 42

α and β