Animal Form and Function

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Study of the physical structure of the body.

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Study of how the body and its parts function.

Question 3

Physical Laws

Answer 3

Universal physical limits (e.g. gravity, diffusion, thermodynamics) that influence how an animal’s body is shaped and functions.

Question 4

Properties of H2O

Answer 4

expansion upon freezing, cohesion, ability to moderate tempature, solvent abilities that shape how organism appears and function.

Question 5

Convergent Evolution

Answer 5

Different specific independently evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

Question 6

Simple Organism

Answer 6

Has a basic, flat or minimal body structure (e.g. planaria)

Question 7

Complex Organism

Answer 7

Multicellular with specilaized, dimensional body systems (e.g. humans)

Question 8

Interstitial Fluid

Answer 8

The fluid found between cells and blood vessels, allowing nutrient and waste exchange.

Question 9

Tissues

Answer 9

Groups of similar cells working together for a specific function.

Question 10

Organs

Answer 10

Structures made of multiple tissue types performing a specific task.

Question 11

Organ System

Answer 11

Groups of organs that cooperate to perform a major function (e.g. digestion, circulation)

Question 12

Digestive

Answer 12

Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption.

Question 13

Circulatory

Answer 13

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.

Question 14

Respiratory

Answer 14

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment.

Question 15

Immune

Answer 15

Defends the body against pathogens.

Question 16

Lymphatic

Answer 16

Transports lymph, aids immunity, and maintains fluid balance.

Question 17

Excretory

Answer 17

Removes metabolic wastes and maintains waler/salt balance (e.g. kidneys)

Question 18

Endocrine

Answer 18

Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

Question 19

Reproductive

Answer 19

Produces gametes and supports the development of offspring.

Question 20

Nervous

Answer 20

Detects stimuli and coordinates rapid responses through electrical signals.

Question 21

Integumentary

Answer 21

Protects the body (skin, hair, nails( and helps regulate temperature.

Question 22

Skeletal

Answer 22

Supports, protects organs, and provides leverage for movement.

Question 23

Muscular

Answer 23

Produces movement, maintains posture, generates heat.

Question 24

Epithelial

Answer 24

Covers body surfaces and lines cavities; protects and absorbs.

Question 25

Connective

Answer 25

Supports, connects, or binds other tissues (e.g. cartilage, bone, blood) Collagenous connective tissue - Contains strong collagen fibers; provides strength (e.g, tendons) Reticulular connective tissue - Forms a supportive network for organs (e.g. lymph nodes) Elastic connective tissue - Contains elastic fibers for stretch and recoil (e.g. arteries, lungs

Question 26

Nervous

Answer 26

Composed of neurons and glial cells, transmits electrical impulses.

Question 27

Muscle

Answer 27

Muscle tissue: Enables movement; three types: . Skeletal - Voluntary, muscle attached to bones . Smooth - Involulatry, found in organs . Cardiac - Involved, muscle found in the heart

Question 28

Fibroblasts

Answer 28

Cells that produce collagen and extracellular matrix in connective tissue.

Question 29

Macrophages

Answer 29

Immune cells that engulf and destroy pathogens or debris.

Question 30

Hormones

Answer 30

Chemical messengers that regulate physiological processes.

Question 31

Endocrine

Answer 31

Uses hormones; slower but longer-lasting effects.

Question 32

Feedback Control

Answer 32

Mechanisms to maintain internal balance.

Question 33

Negative Feedback

Answer 33

Reduces the initial stimulus (e.g. temperature regulation)

Question 34

Positive Feedback

Answer 34

Enhances the initial stimulus (e.g. childbirth)

Question 35

Regulator

Answer 35

Maintains internal stability (homeostasis) despite external changes.

Question 36

Conformer

Answer 36

Adjusts internal conditions to match the environment.

Question 37

Homeostasis

Answer 37

Maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Question 38

Set Point

Answer 38

Target value or normal range the body tries to maintain.

Question 39

Stimulus

Answer 39

A change detected in the environment.

Question 40

Sensor

Answer 40

Detects a stimulus and sends signals to control centers.

Question 41

Circadian rhythm

Answer 41

Biological cycle regulating sleep, metabolism, and hormone release.

Question 42

Acclimatization

Answer 42

Gradual adjustment of an organism to a new environment (e.g. altitude, temperature)

Question 43

Thermoregulation

Answer 43

Maintain internal body temperature within an optimal range.

Question 44

Endothermic

Answer 44

Generates body heat internally.

Question 45

Ectothermic

Answer 45

Gains heat from the environment (e.g. reptiles, fish)

Question 46

Radiation

Answer 46

Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves (e.g. sunlight.

Question 47

Evaporation

Answer 47

Heat loss when liquid turns into vapor.

Question 48

Convection

Answer 48

Heat transfer through air or liquid across a surface.

Question 49

Conduction

Answer 49

Direct heat transfer between touching objects.

Question 50

Insulation

Answer 50

Reduces heat loss using fur, feathers, or fat.

Question 51

Vasodilation

Answer 51

Blood vessels widen to release heat.

Question 52

Vasoconstriction

Answer 52

Blood vessels narrow to conserve heat.

Question 53

Countercurrent exchange

Answer 53

Heat transfer between fluids flowing in opposite directions to converse energy.

Question 54

Thermogenesis

Answer 54

Production of heat (via shivering/metabolism)

Question 55

Hypothalamus

Answer 55

Brain region controlling temperature and homeostasis.

Question 56

Bioenergies

Answer 56

Study of how organisms obtain and use energy.

Question 57

Autotrophs

Answer 57

Produce their own food.

Question 58

Heterotrophs

Answer 58

Consume other organism for energy.

Question 59

Metabolic rate

Answer 59

Total energy used by an organism per unit time

Question 60

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 60

Minimum energy needed for basic body functions at rest.

Question 61

Topor

Answer 61

Short term state of reduced metabolism and activity to save energy.

Question 62

Hibernation

Answer 62

Long-term topor during cold periods.

Question 63

Estivation

Answer 63

Dormant state during hot or dry conditions to converse energy.