Endocrine System

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

Chemical messengers released into blood that regulate body functions and maintain homeostasis.

Question 2

Endocrine System

Answer 2

Slow, long-lasting system using hormones to control metabolism, growth, stress, and reproduction.

Question 3

Nervous System

Answer 3

Fast communication systems using electrical signals and neurotransmitters through neurons and glial cells.

Question 4

Paracrine System

Answer 4

Cells release signals that act on nearby cells within the same tissue.

Question 5

Autocrine System

Answer 5

A cell release signals that act on itself to regulate its own activity.

Question 6

Local regulators

Answer 6

Short distance messengers like prostaglands and nitric oxide.

Question 7

Prostaglandins

Answer 7

Local regulators involved in inflammation, pain, blood flow, and reproduction.

Question 8

Nitric oxide

Answer 8

Local gas messenger that reflexes blood vessels and improves blood flow.

Question 9

Synapses

Answer 9

Junctions where neurons send signals to other neurons or cells.

Question 10

Neurotransmitters

Answer 10

Chemicals released by neurons that transmit signals across synapses

Question 11

Neuroendocrine signaling

Answer 11

Neurons release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate body functions.

Question 12

Pheromones

Answer 12

Chemicals released outside the body to communicate with other individuals (often for mating)

Question 13

Water-Soluble Hormones

Answer 13

Bind to receptors on the cell surface and active internal signal pathways.
e.g. epinephrine

Question 14

Lipid-Soluble Horomones

Answer 14

Enter cells and bind to internal receptors, changing gene expression.
e.g. estrogens

Question 15

Signal Transduction

Answer 15

Steps inside the cell that convert a hormone signal into a specifc response.

Question 16

Epinephrine

Answer 16

Fight or flight hormone that increases heart rate, energy release, and alertness.

Question 17

Endocrine glands

Answer 17

Ductless glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 18

Exocrine glands

Answer 18

Glands with ducts that release substances like sweat, saliva or digestive juices.

Question 19

Feedback regulation

Answer 19

Body uses positive and negative loops to keep internal conditions stable.

Question 20

Stimulus

Answer 20

A change detected by the body that begins a response.

Question 21

Response

Answer 21

The action the body takes to counter or increase a stimulus.

Question 22

Negative Feedback

Answer 22

Reduces the original change to maintain balance.

Question 23

Positive Feedback

Answer 23

Amplifies the original change to drive a process forward.

Question 24

Ecdstmryoid

Answer 24

Insect steroid hormone that rgulates molting and development

Question 25

Hypothalamus

Answer 25

Brain control center that regulates pituitary hormones and links nervous and endocrine systems.

Question 26

Pituitary gland

Answer 26

Master hormone gland that controls growth, reproduction, and other endocrine glands.

Question 27

Posterior pituitary

Answer 27

* Releases hypothalamus-made hormones (ADH and oxytocin).

Question 28

Anterior pituitary

Answer 28

* Makes and releases its own hormones (GH, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH). | growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress response

Question 29

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 29

* Regulates water balance by signaling kidneys to reabsorb water.

Question 30

Oxytocin

Answer 30

* Causes uterine contractions and triggers milk release.

Question 31

Prolactin

Answer 31

*Stimulates milk production after childbirth.

Question 32

Thyroid hormone

Answer 32

* Regulates metabolism, energy levels, and development.

Question 33

Thyroid gland

Answer 33

* Produces T3/T4 and helps control metabolism and calcium levels.

Question 34

Growth hormone

Answer 34

* Stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and tissues.

Question 35

Insulin-like growth factors

Answer 35

* Work with GH to promote bone and tissue growth.

Question 36

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 36

* Raises blood calcium levels by acting on bones and kidneys.

Question 37

Parathyroid gland

Answer 37

* Four small glands behind thyroid that control calcium levels through PTH.

Question 38

Adrenal gland

Answer 38

Produces stress-related hormones from its cortex and medulla.

Question 39

Glucotioids

Answer 39

Long-term stress hormones that affect metabolism and inflammation.

Question 40

Adrenal cortex

Answer 40

Produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and small amounts of androgens.

Question 41

Minearlocortioids

Answer 41

Regulate salt balance, water balance, and blood pressure.

Question 42

Androgens

Answer 42

Male sex hormones like testosterone that control male puberty and reproduction.

Question 43

Estradiol

Answer 43

Main estrogen that regulates female development and menstrual cycles.

Question 44

Progesterone

Answer 44

Female hormone that prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy.

Question 45

Pineal gland

Answer 45

Gland that produces melatonin and regulates sleep cycles.

Question 46

Melatonin

Answer 46

Hormone that controls circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles.

Question 47

What are the three types of hormones?

Answer 47

-Polypeptides (Water-soluble) -Steroids (Lipid-soluble) -Amines (Water-soluble)

Question 48

Exocytosis

Answer 48

the process where a cell uses a vesicle to release large substances to the outside, like expelling waste or secreting hormones and neurotransmitters

Question 49

Hormone cascade

Answer 49

Stimulus --> Hypothalamus --> TRH --> Anterior pituitary --> TSH --> Thyroid gland --> Thyroid hormone --> Response