BIOL 1107 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Producing offspring without sex; offspring are genetic clones of the parent.

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2
Q

Budding

A

A new individual grows out of the body of the parent (common in hydra and yeast).

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3
Q

Fission

A

Parent splits into two roughly equal-sized individuals.

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4
Q

Fragmentation

A

Body breaks into pieces, and each piece grows into a new individual.

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5
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Offspring develop from an unfertilized egg; no sperm involved.

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6
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Producing offspring using fusion of sperm and egg; increases genetic diversity.

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7
Q

Sperm

A

Male gamete made in testes; fertilizes the egg.

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8
Q

Egg

A

Female gamete that can be fertilized to form a zygote.

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9
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg formed from fusion of sperm and egg.

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10
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

Individual has both male and female reproductive organs; can sometimes self-fertilize.

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11
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of sperm and egg to form a zygote.

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12
Q

External Fertilization

A

Fertilization occurs outside the body in the environment (usually water).

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13
Q

Spawning

A

Release of eggs and sperm into the water for external fertilization.

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14
Q

Internal Fertilization

A

Fertilization occurs inside the female’s body; common in land animals.

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15
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical signals used to attract mates or trigger reproductive behavior.

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16
Q

Gonads

A

Organs that produce gametes (testes in males, ovaries in females).

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17
Q

Cloaca

A

Single opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems (found in birds, reptiles, etc.); NOT humans.

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18
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone.

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19
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Tubes inside testes where sperm are produced.

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20
Q

Scrotum

A

External sac that holds the testes and keeps them cooler than body temperature.

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21
Q

Epididymis

A

Coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored.

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22
Q

Ejaculation

A

Release of semen containing sperm.

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23
Q

Vas deferens

A

Tube that carries sperm from epididymis to urethra.

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24
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries urine and semen out of the body.

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25
Semen
-Fluid containing sperm plus secretions from accessory glands. -Produce fluid with fructose that nourishes sperm and forms most of semen.
26
Prostate gland
* Adds alkaline fluid that increases sperm mobility. Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) * Produce mucus that neutralizes acidic urine in urethra before ejaculation.
27
Penis
External male reproductive organ that delivers sperm.
28
Ovaries
Female gonads that produce eggs and hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
29
Fallopian tube
Carry eggs from ovaries to uterus; site of fertilization. Uterus
30
Uterus
* Muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and a baby develops.
31
Endometrium
Endometrium * Inner lining of uterus that thickens each cycle and sheds during menstruation.
32
Cervix
Narrow lower portion of uterus that opens into the vagina.
33
Vagina
Muscular canal for intercourse, childbirth, and menstrual flow.
34
Vulva
External female genital structures.
35
Labia majora
Outer folds that protect vulva.
36
Labia minora
Inner folds that protect vaginal opening.
37
Clitoris
Highly sensitive organ involved in sexual stimulation.
38
Mammary glands
* Produce milk for offspring.
39
Gametogenesis
Formation of gametes (sperm or eggs).
40
Spermatogenesis
Continuous production of sperm in the testes.
41
Oogenesis
Production of egg cells in ovaries; occurs in cycles.
42
GnRH (Gonadrotropin-releasing hormone)
Released by hypothalamus; triggers release of FSH and LH from pituitary.
43
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) + LH
-In males: stimulates sperm production. * In females: stimulates follicle (egg) development. LH (luteinizing hormone) * In males: stimulates testosterone production. * In females: triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum.
44
Androgens
Male hormones (mainly testosterone) that control male traits and sperm production.
45
Estrogens + Progesterone
e: Promote female reproductive development and thickening of endometrium. p: Maintains uterine lining for pregnancy.
46
Leydig cells + Sertoli cells
* Support and nourish developing sperm inside seminiferous tubules. Leydig cells * Produce testosterone in the testes.
47
Inhibin
Hormone from Sertoli cells that inhibits FSH to regulate sperm production.
48
Ovarian cycle
Cycle of egg development including follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase.
49
Menstrual Cycle
Monthly changes in the uterus preparing for pregnancy; includes menstruation and regrowth of endometrium.
50
Uterine
Changes in the endometrium: proliferative phase → secretory phase → menstruation.
50
Follicular Phase
* Follicle grows in ovary; estrogen rises; ends with ovulation.
51
Luteal phase
* Corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to maintain endometrium.
52
Proliferative phase
* Endometrium thickens after menstruation under influence of estrogen.
53
Secretory
* Endometrium becomes nutrient-rich under progesterone; prepares for implantation.
54
Endometriosis
* Endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain and possible infertility.
55
Why undergo Sexual Reproduction?
asexual - favorable in stable environments, no genetic variation --> enviro changes --> potential population death sexual - 1/2 daughters, favorable when enviro changes rapidly, genetically varied offspring
56
Spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis?
-four products of meiosis develop into sperm, while only one of the four becomes an egg -spermatogenesis adolescence --> death, oogenesis starts at puberty -> menopause -sperm is produced continuous, oogenesis produces one egg
57
Organogenesis
Development of the body's organs
58
Menopause
cessation of ovulation & menstruation
59
Estrous Cycles
The estrous cycle is a set of recurring physiological changes induced by reproductive hormones in females
60
Vasocongestion
the filling of tissue with blood, sign of sexual reactions in both sexes
61
Myotonia
increased muscle tension, sign of sexual reactions in both sexes
62
Pregnancy (or gestation)
the condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus
63
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
maintains secretion of progesterone & estrogens during early pregnancy
64
Trophoblast
mingles with the endometrium & eventually forms the placenta
65
monozygotic twins
splitting of the embryo during the first month of development that results in genetically identical twins
66
dizygotic twins
release and fertilization of two eggs result in fraternal and genetically distinct twins
67
Contraception
deliberate prevention of pregnancy
68
Tubal ligation
ties off the fallopian tubes
69
Vasectomy
ties off the vans defers
70
Morning-after pills
taken within 3 days after intercourse to prevent pregnancy
71
IVF
mixes eggs with sperm in culture dishes & returns the embryo to the uterus
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