CHAPTER 5

Question 1

Polymers are

Answer 1

large macromolecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers

Question 2

Dehydration reaction

Answer 2

Links together two monomers and removes a molecule of water

Question 3

Hydrolysis

Answer 3

Break down of polymers by adding water to them (reverse of dehydration reaction)

Question 4

Macromolecules are

Answer 4

large molecules important for biological processes

Question 5

How many types of macromolecules are there?

Answer 5

4 types.
a) carbohydrates
b) lipids
c) proteins
d) nucleic acids

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

-aka Sugars
-monomer unit: monosaccharides
-chemical formula in multiple of CH2Os
(small: glucose or maltose)
(large: starch, glycogen, or cellulose)

Question 7

How are monosaccharides classified?

Answer 7

a) the location of the carbonyl group
b) # of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Question 8

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 8

A simple sugar, the most basic building block of carbohydrates

Question 9

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 9

Formed when a dehydration reactions joins two monosaccharides

Question 10

What is the covalent bond between -di, -poly, etc. saccharides called?

Answer 10

Glycosidic linkage

Question 11

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 11

Polymers of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 12

How many polysaccharides are there?

Answer 12

Two.
a) Storage polysaccharides
b) Structural polysaccharides

Question 13

Polymers with a glucose are…

Answer 13

helical

Question 14

Polymers with b glucose are…

Answer 14

straight

Question 15

Why can’t enzymes digest both linkages in cellulose?

Answer 15

Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing a linkages can’t hydrolyze B linkages in cellulose. (e.g. Cows to termites have symbiotic relationships with these microbes)

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

-aka fats & triglycerides
-do not form polymers!
-are hydrophobic
-consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions
-can be unsaturated/saturated fatty acids
-structurally important for cell membranes, steroids & cholesterol

Question 17

What are lipids made up of?

Answer 17

-glycerol & fatty acids

Question 18

Triacylglycerol are

Answer 18

three fatty acids joined to glycerol by an ester linkage

Question 19

Can the fatty acids in a fat be all the same or two/three different kids?

Answer 19

Both!

Question 20

Saturated Fats

Answer 20

-Meats, butter, dairy products
-solid at room tempature
-increase levels of “bad cholesterol”
-clogs arteries

Question 21

Unsaturated Fats

Answer 21

-Vegetable oils
-Liquid at room temperature
-increase levels of “good” cholestrol
-is broken down and eventually removed from the body

Question 22

Hydrogenation

Answer 22

the process of converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Question 23

What is the major function of fats

Answer 23

to energy store (energy storage)

Question 24

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 24

Phospholipid is two fatty acids & a phosphate group group attached to glycerol

Question 25

What is the phospholipid structure

Answer 25

Two fatty acid tails = hydrophobic Phosphate group and its attachment head = hydrophilic

Question 26

Steroids are

Answer 26

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Question 27

Cholesterol is

Answer 27

a component in animal cell membranes

Question 28

Proteins are

Answer 28

-AKA POLYPEPTIDES monomer unit = amino acids -involved in almost every function in your body, function dependent on shape protein takes

Question 29

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 29

type of bond that joins amino acids together

Question 30

Proteins function as:

Answer 30

-Enzymes- speed up reactions -Transport- proteins embedded in cell membranes -Defense- proteins, such as antibodies -Signaling- proteins such as hormones -Communication- receptor proteins -Movement-contractile proteins found within muscle cells -Structure- proteins such as collagen -Storage-proteins

Question 31

Proteins are constructed from the same set of how many amino acids?

Answer 31

20 amino acids

Question 32

Polypeptides are unbranched polymers built from?

Answer 32

amino acids

Question 33

What is a protein

Answer 33

a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides

Question 34

What are the three common attachment groups to amino acids?

Answer 34

-Carboxyl group -Amino group -Hydrogen atom

Question 35

What are the Four Levels of Protein Structure?

Answer 35

a) primary structure - unique sequence of amino acids b) secondary structure - coils and folds in the polypeptide chain c) tertiary structure - interactions among various side chain (R groups) d) when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

Question 36

Nucleic acids are

Answer 36

-AKA DNA & RNA monomer unit = nucleotides 5 types: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil (only in RNA) -stores info

Question 37

What are the four roles of nucleic acids?

Answer 37

- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) -DNA provides directions for its own replication -DNA direct synthesis of messenger RNA and controls protein synthesis -process is called gene expression

Question 38

What is the difference between DNA & RNA?

Answer 38

DNA - double helix w/ complementary base pairing + molecule of inheritance RNA - single polynucleotide chain

Question 39

What is a similarity between DNA & RNA?

Answer 39

They both serve as the blueprints for proteins and thus control the life of a cell