Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Catabolic Pathways

Answer 1

Metabolic reactions that break down complex molecules (like sugar) into simpler ones, releasing energy to make ATP

Question 2

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 2

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen; produces the most ATP (about 30-32 per glucose)

Question 3

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 3

Respiration that occurs without oxygen; uses the other electron acceptors instead of O2 and makes less ATP

Question 4

Fermentation

Answer 4

A type of anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD+; produces little ATP (only from glycolysis)

Question 5

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 5

Converts pyruvate –> lactic acid (used by muscles, bacteria)

Question 6

Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 6

Converts pyruvate –> ethanol + Co2 (used by yeast)

Question 7

Redox

Answer 7

Reactions involving the transfer of electrons

Question 8

Oxidation

Answer 8

Loss of electrons

Question 9

Reduction

Answer 9

Gain of electrons

Question 10

Reducing agent

Answer 10

the molecule that loses electrons (is oxidized)

Question 11

Oxidizing agent

Answer 11

the molecule that gains electrons (is reduced)

Question 12

Cellular Respiration

Answer 12

The overall process cells use to breakdown glucose and make ATP.

Question 13

NAD+

Answer 13

Empty electron carrier (taxi without passengers)

Question 14

NADH

Answer 14

Full electron carrier (has picked up electrons and H+

Question 15

Glycolysis

Answer 15

First step of respiration, splits glucose into 2 pyruvates, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH, Occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen

Question 16

Pyruvate

Answer 16

End product of glycolysis; converted to Acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle

Question 17

Krebs cycle

Answer 17

Aerobic process that breaks down Acetyl-COa to produce 6NADH, 2FADH2, and 2 ATP

Question 18

Electron transport chain (ETC)

Answer 18

Series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that use electrons from NADH/FADH2 to create a proton (H+) gradient)

Question 19

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 19

The final stage of cellular respiration (ETC+ chemiosmosis); produces most of the ATP.

Question 20

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Answer 20

Direct formation of ATP when an enzyme transfer a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP (happens in glycolysis and Krebs)

Question 21

Acetyl-CoA

Answer 21

Two carbon molecule formed from pyruvate; enters the Krebs cycle

Question 22

Chemiosmosis

Answer 22

Movement of H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP

Question 23

ATP Synthase

Answer 23

Enzyme that uses the proton gradient to make ATP from ADP + Pi

Question 24

Proton-Motive Force

Answer 24

The electrochemical gradient of H+ across the membrane that drives ATP synthesis

Question 25

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 25

Can only survive without oxygen (O2 is toxic)

Question 26

Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 26

Can switch between aerobic respiration (with O2) and fermentation (without O2) Feedback Inhibition - When the end product of metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme, prevents overproduction

Question 27

Anaerobe

Answer 27

an organism that lives and grows without oxygen

Question 28

What are the pathway steps?

Answer 28

Glycolysis (Glucose --> Pyruvate) - Pyruvate Oxidation -- Acetyl CoA --> Citric Acid Cycle --> Oxidative Phosphorlyation