1
Q
What was Wundt’s aim?
A
To document and describe the nature of human consciousness( the mind) in a carefully controlled and scientific environment.
2
Q
What is introspection?
A
The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into images, thoughts and sensations.
3
Q
What is Structuralism?
A
Isolating the structure of consciousness in breaking down their constituent parts to study them.
4
Q
What is Cartesian Dualism?
A
The view that the mind and the body are two different substances.
5
Q
What is Empiricism?
A
The idea that all learning comes from only experience and observation.
6
Q
What is the behaviourist approach?
A
A way of exploring behaviour in terms of what is observable in terms of learning.
7
Q
What is classical conditioning?
A
Learning by a association occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together
8
Q
What is operant conditioning?
A
A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences
9
Q
What is Positive reinforcement?
A
Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is preformed.
10
Q
What is negative reinforcement?
A
Occurs when an animal avoids something unpleasant.
11
Q
What is a Punishment?
A
An unpleasant consequence of behaviour
12
Q
Who did Wundt study on and how?
A
He began to study on his co workers and himself by recording their own conscious thoughts and breaking them into thoughts images and sensations.
13
Q
How did Wundt replicate his experiments?
A
By using standardised instructions, all participants were given a ticking metronome to pace their responses and make sure they were all in front of the same stimulus.
14
Q
What is the significance of Wundt’s work?(3)
A
-His work separated modern scientific psychology from its broader philosophical roots.
-He produced the first academic journal for psychological research.
-He set foundations for approaches (eg. behaviourist and cognitive)
15
Q
What are the strengths to Wundt’s work?
A
Some of Wundt’s work are scientific.
-When he recorded introspection in a controlled lab experiment
-He used standardisation in his procedures
16
Q
What are the limitations of Wundt’s work?
A
Some aspects of Wundt’s work was not scientific
-He relied on participants self reporting their mental processes. This is subjective and may have not revealed every thought.
-The participants would not have had the same thought every time.
17
Q
What happened to Psycology in the 1900’s?
A
Early behaviourists rejected introspection. it produced subjective data and it varied from person to person.
The behaviourist approach thought different( all scientific psycology should study from observations)-> Birth of behaviourist approach
18
Q
What then happened to psycology in the 1930’s?
A
The behaviourist approach was more dominant in psycology as more evidence was proven (Skinner and Watson).
Behaviourists focused on process with learning.
19
Q
What happened to psycology in the 1960’s?
A
The cognitive revolution occurred. Although mental processes are ‘private’ the psychologists can make inferences on how these work on the bases of tests.
20
Q
What happened to psycology in the 1990’s?
A
The biological approach introduced technological advances. Eg. the ability to record brain activity-> scanning devices fMRI +EEG.
21
Q
What are the strengths that psycology is a science?
A
Psycology has the same aims tas the natural sciences( to describe, understand, predict and control our world).
The learning approaches, cognitive approach and biological approach use scientific methods.
22
Q
What are the limitations that psycology is not a science? (3)
A
-Not all approaches use objective methods,
eg. the humanistic approach is anti-scientific and does not form general laws of behaviour only recording subjective experiences.
-The psychodynamic approach uses the case study method( interview techniques which is open to bias and its not generalised)
-The participants are active and can respond( demand characteristics)
23
Q
What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?
A
-likelihood of behaviour being repeated
24
Q
What is Skinners Box?
A
An animal is caged for experiments in operant conditioning and which typically contains a lever that must be pressed by the animal to gain reward or avoid punishment.
25
What is mechanistic view?
The theory that animals and humans are seen as passive and machine-like responders with little or no conscious insight into their behaviour.
26
What is token economy?
A token economy rewards good behaviour with tokens that can be exchanged for something desired.
27
How does classical conditioning work?(using stimuli + responses)
Unconditioned stimulus-> unconditioned response
neutral stimulus ->no response
unconditioned stimulus + neutral stimulus -> response
conditioned stimulus-> conditioned response.
28
What is environmental determinism?
The view that behaviour is determined or caused by forces outside the individual.
29
What are the weaknesses of the behaviourist approach?
-Mechanistic view of behaviour
-ethical and practical issues
-environmental determinism.
30
What are the strengths to the behaviourist approach?
-Real life application
-scientific credibility
31
What is the social learning theory?
A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors.
32
What is imitation?
Copying the behaviour of others.
33
What is identification?
When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model.
34
What is Modelling?
From the observers perspective, modelling is imitating the behaviour of the role model.
35
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs throught observing someone else being reinforced by behaviour. This is a key factor for imitation.
36
What is Mediational processes?
Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response.
37
What are the assumptions of the social learning theory?
They SLT Psychologists agreed with the behaviourists though they proposed that people learn through observation and imitation of others. Learning happens through classical + operant conditioning directly and indirectly.
38
What is the role of the mediational processes?
To show how mental factors are involved in learning
39
What are the 4 mediational processes?
ARMM
A- attention
R-retention
M-motor reproduction
M-motivation
40
What does Attention mean?
The extent to which we notice certain behaviours.
41
What does retention mean?
How well the behaviour is rememberd
42
What does motor reproduction mean?
The ability of the observer to preform the behaviour.
43
What does motivation mean?
The will to preform the behaviour which is often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished.
44
When does a person become a role model?
If they are seen to have similar features to the observer or are attractive/high status.
The role model does not have to be present-media
45
What are the strengths of the social learning theory?
-it emphasizes the importance of cognitive factors
-less determanist than the behaviorist approach.
-explains cultural differences in behaviour.
46
Why is the recognition of cognitive factors in learning a streangth for the social learning theory?
As neither classical/operant conditioning can explain the complex account of human learning on their own as cognitive factors are left out.
47
How is the social learning theory a less determinist than the behaviorist approach a streagth?
It includes cognitive factors and focuses on the interaction between the environment and mental processes rather than stimulus response links.
48
Why is the social learning theory that explains the cultural differences in behaviour a streagth?
The social learning theory accounts for how people learn from individuals around them and from the media.
49
What are the limitations to the social learning theory?
-heavily reliance on evidence from lab studies
-underestimates the influence of biological factors
50
Why is the over reliance on lab studies a limitation the social learning theory?
Many of Banduras' ideas were developed through observation in lab studies, which raises the chance of demand characteristics.
51
Why is underestimating the influence of biological factors a limitation of the social learning theory?
As in studies like the bobo doll studies where the males had more aggression than females due to higher testosterone levels. Also, research shows that our brain produces mirror neurons to imitate and empathise with other people.
52
What is the cognitive approach?
An approach that is focused on how our mental processes affect behavior.
53
What are internal mental processes?
'Private' operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response
54
What is schema?
A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed from experience. 'packages of information'
55
What is infernce?
The processes whereby cognitive psycologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour.
56
What is cognitive neuroscience
The scientific study of those biological structures that underpin cognitve processes
57
What is the computer model?
The model suggests that the mind works like a computer, which turns information into a format that can be stored.
58
What is machine reductionism
They reduce complex thought processes into simple mechanical processes.
59
What is soft determanism?
Suggest that humans have some conscious mental control over the way they behave.
60
What are the assumptions of the congitve approach?(3)
-The cognitive approach should be studied scientifically.
-To investigate the human behaviour of memory ,perception and thinking.
-The processes are 'private' and should be studied indirectly by making infernces about what is going on inside peoples mind on their behaviour.
61
What is the difference between the theoretical models and computer models?
Theoretical models are abstract, while computer models are concrete
62
What is the role schema?
Helps us to be not overwhelmed from environmental stimuli.
63
What is the difference between schema in babies and adults?
Babies are born with simple motor schema for innate behaviors like grabbing.While growing our schema gets more detailed and sophisticated.
64
What improved the emergence of cognitve neuroscience?(3)
- Studies of brain structures-> Paul Broca showed how damage of the frontal lobe could impear speech.
- Advances of brain imaging techniques(fMRI or PET scans) to observe + describe the basis of mental processes + establish mental disorders.
Use of computed generated models to read the brain.- used to analyse brain wave patterns of eyewitnesses to determine lying.
65
What are the strengths of the cognitve approach?
-Scientific and objective methods
-application to everyday life
-less deterministic than other appraoched
66
What are the disadvantages of the cognitive approach?
Machine reductionismm
67
Why is using scientific and positive methods a positive of the cognitive approach?
Has highly controlled experiments in lab settings using standardised tests and large samples.
High internal validity and gains a credible scientific basis.
68
Why is the application of everyday life a limitation to the cognitive approach?
The cognitive approach suffers form being too abstract but experiments of mental processes are down by using artificial stimuli that may not represent every day life.
-Lacks external validity.
69
Why is that the cognitive approach being less determinist a strength to the approach?
Soft determinism.
-Recognises that our cognitive system can only operate within limits of what we know and we are free to think.
More 'interactionalist' than hard determinist.
70
Why is machine reductionism a negative to the cognitive approach?
Machine reductionism ignores influence of human emotion and motivation on cognitive system
Research has show that memory can be effected by emotional factors- factors of anxiety on eyewitness testimony.
71
Define the biological approach.
The perspective emphasizes the importance of physical processes in the body, such as genetic influence.
72
What are genes?
Consists of DNA, which codes for physical features of an organism and psychological features. From parents to offspring
73
What is neurochemisty?
Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological function.
74
What is genotype?
The particular set of genese that a person posesses
75
What is a phenotype?
The characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and enviorment.
76
What is evolution?
The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over sucessive generations.
77
What are the assumptions of the biological approach?
-Everything psychological is biological first.
-To understand behaviour to look at biological structure and processes.
-Mind lives in the brain - all thoughts, feelings, and behaviour have a physical basis
78
What are concordance rates?
The extent to which both twins share the same characteristic.
79
What are twin studies used for?
To determine the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis by comparing the concordance rates between twins.
80
What is monozygotic twins?
Twins that share 100% of DNA
81
What are dizygotic twins?
Twins that share 50% of DNA
82
What is the theory of natural selection?
Any genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individuals survival will content in future generations.
83
What is sexual selection?
Selection when individuals choose a mate based on characteristics. eg peacocks
84
What are the strengths of the biological approach?
-scientific methods of investigation
-real life application
85
What are the limitations of the biological approach?
-Casual conclusions
-Cant separate nature and nurture
-Determinist view of behaviour
86
Why is scientific methods of investigation a strength of the biological approach?
As it uses fMRIs and EGGS , twin studies and drug trials to make it possible to accurately measure biological and neural process which are objective.
Data is reliable and conclusions drawn are reliable.
87
Why is real life application a strength of the the biological approach?
Lead to the use of psychoactive drugs to treat mental disorders.
Drugs treat depression to increase serotonin and reduce symptoms. Sufferers are able to live a normal life.
88
What is a counter argument for real life application as a strength for the biological approach?
Not all antidepressant drugs work for everyone which challenges the value of the biological approach as brain chemistry alone may not be the cause of depression in all cases.
89
Why is causal conclusions a limitation for the biological approach?
Cannot draw cause and effect relationships as certain neurotransmitters may be higher or lower with certain disorders but it may not the cause of the disorder.
The biological approach is claiming to have discovered causes where only association exists.
90
Why is not separating nature and nurture a limitation for the biological approach?
It is not possible to separate. Identical twins, non identical and members of the same family have genetic similarities. But a confounding variable is that they are exposed to similar environments which could support nurture than nature.
91
Why is a deterministic view of behaviour a limitation of the biological approach?
As they see that behaviour is only because of genetics which we have no control over.
But phenotype is heavily influenced by the environment as not even identical twins look exactly the same and think the same.
Too simplistic and ignores intervening effects of the environment.
92
What is the psychodynamic approach?
A perspective that describes the different forces (dynamics) most of which are unconscious that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience.
93
What is the unconscious?
The part of the mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct much of our behaviour.
94
What is the id?
The 'pleasure principle' .Entirely unconscious, the id is made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification.
95
When is the id developed?
Present at birth
96
What is the Ego?
The 'reality check' that balances the conflicting demands of the id and the super ego.
97
When is the Ego developed?
Develops around age of 2-3 years old
98
What is the superego?
The moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self. How we ought to be.
99
When is the super ego developed?
Develops during childhood( around age 5)
100
What are defence mechanisms?
Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage to the conflict between the id and the super ego
101
What is repression?
Unconsciously blocking out painful or disturbing thoughts
102
Why do we use repression as a defence mechanism?
To protect from anxiety by keeping distressing thoughts out of conscious awareness.
103
What is denial?
Refusing to accept reality of facts acting as they dont exist. eg trauma
104
Why do we use denial as a defence mechanism?
Protects the individual from uncomfortable realities by refusing to acknowledge them.
eg. a smoker ignoring health risks.
105
What is displacement?
Redirecting emotions or impulses from the original object to a safe target. eg irrational fears
106
Why do we used displacement ass a defence mechanism?
Allows the expression of emotions in a less threatening context.
107
Why are defence mechanisms bad?
As they are a form of distortion of reality. As a long term solution they psychologically unhealthy and undesirable.
108
What are psychosexual stages?
Five developmental stages that all children pass through. At each stage there is a different conflict the outcome of the which determines future development
109
What are the psychosexual stages?
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Genital stage
110
What is the focus of pleasure of the oral stage?
The Mouth- sucking biting and chewing
The object of desire is the mothers breast.
111
What is the consequence of unresolved conflict of the oral stage?
Oral fixation- smoking, overeating , nail biting, sarcastic or critical
112
When does the oral stage occur?
0-1 years
113
What is the focus of pleasure of the Anal stage?
The Anus- child holds pleasure from holding and expelling faeces.
114
What is the consequence of unresolved conflict of the anal stage?
Anal attentive -organised, perfectionism and obsessive.
Anal explosive-messy and thoughtless
115
When does the anal stage occur?
1-3 years
116
What is the focus of pleasure for the phallic stage?
Genitals- Experiences the Oedipus/Electra complex
117
What is the Oedipus complex and Little Hans?
Boys will develop incestual feelings for their mother and hatred for their father. But having fear that their father will castrate them( castration anxiety) so they repress their feelings for their mother and identify with their father. Takes on gender roles and moral values.
118
What is the Electra Complex and Dora?
Girls will experience penis envy then realise they do not have one so they desire their father as the penis is the primarily love object. Hate their mother as love rival. Girls will give up desire for father and replace the penis for desire for a baby, identifying with mother.
119
What age does the phallic stage occur?
3-6 years
120
What is the focus of pleasure of the latency stage?
Earlier conflicts are repressed. Child enjoys their child hood.
121
What ages does the latency stage occur?
6- puberty
122
What is the focus of pleasure of the genital stage?
Genitals ( consious)
123
What is the consequence of unresolved conflict for the genital stage?
Difficulty in intimate relationships if earlier stages were unresolved
124
What ages does the genital stage occur?
Puberty onward.
125
What is psychic determinism
All mental processes are not spontaneous but are determined by the unconscious mind.
126
What are the strengths of the psychodynamic approach?
-Explanatory power
-Practical application
127
What are the limitations of the psychodynamic approach?
-Untestable concepts
-The case study method
128
How is explanatory power a strength for the psychodynamic approach?
Huge influence of western contemporary thought. Used to explains a wide range of behaviours relating to the influence of childhood on adult personality.
positive influence on psycology and modern-day thinking.
129
How is practical application is a strength for the psychodynamic approach?
P: Freud brought a new therapy to the world - psychoanalysis
E: Range of techniques to acess the unconsious mind- hypnosis and dream analysis.
But can be seen as harmful for people with severe disorders
E:Unlikelyy to be useful for treatement but sucessful in some case studies.
130
How is untestable concepts a limitation of the psychodynamic approach?
P:One limitation is that the psychodynamic approach includes untestable concepts
-Popper says that the approach does not meet scientific criteria of falsification
E: Freuds concepts are unconsious which makes immpossible to test.
E: Lack scientific rigour- pseudoscience.
131
How is the case study method a limitation of the psychodynamic approach?
P: One limitation is that his theories are based off single individuals ) little hans)
E:Freud's observations were detailed and recorded .
-Impossible to make univerrsal as it was based on a small number
-Subjective as any other researcher would have drawn differnt conclusions
E:Freuds methods lack scienfitic rigour.
132
What is the Humanistic approach?
An approach to understanding behavior that emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self determanism.
133
What is free will?
The notion that humans can make choices and are not determanined by internal or external forces.
134
What is self actualisation?
The desire to grow psychologically and fulfill ones full potential, becoming what you are capable of.
135
What is the heirarchy of needs?
The five- leveled heirarchial sequence in which basic physiological needs must be satisfied before higher psychological needs can be achieved.
136
What is the self?
The ideas and values that characterise 'I' and 'me' and include perception and valuing of 'what i am' and 'what i can do'.
137
What is congruence?
When the self-concept and ideal self are seen to broadly accord or match.
138
What did Rogers and Maslow study?
The study of subjective experience rather than general laws.( person centred approach?
139
What innate tendency do people have? ( humanistic)
They have the tendency to achieve their full potential- the best they can possibly be.
140
What is the basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
All four lower levels of hierarchy need to be achieved before self actualisation and to fill their potential.
141
What could stop people from reaching their full potential?
Important psychological barriers
142
What are the stages of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Self actualisation
Self esteem
Love and belonginess
Safety and security
Physiological needs
143
What happens if the gap between ideal and self is too big?
They will experience a state of incongruence.
And self actualisation will not be possible due to negative feelings.
144
How can you reduce the gap between ideal and the self?
Client centred therapy to help cope with everyday living.
145
What does rogers suggest about our childhood?
He suggests that the issues we experience as adults stem from our childhood. As a lack of unconditional positive regard turns into psychological problems for the child in the future.
146
What does Rogers suggest that an effective therapist must supply?
-genuineness
-unconditional positive regard
-empathy.
so the clients feelings of self-worth increase and become a functioning person
147
What is client centered therapy most applied to?
Depression and anxiety.
148
What does counselling consist of?
The client being encouraged towards discovery of own solutions in a therapeutic atmosphere.
149
The humanistic approach is not reductionist. Why is this a strength?
They reject attempts to break up behaviour.
They support holism- considering the whole person. This approach has more validity as its focuses on more meaningful behaviour in a real world context.
150
Why is the humanistic approach having limited application a limitation?
It has been applied to few areas( therapy, motivation and personality) psycology. Has helped with improving life but has lack of impact on wider areas as it has an unscientific approach to studying humans. It includes untastable concepts like congruence and self actualisation. Gives psycology the status as a pseudoscience than a real science.
151
Why is putting emphasis personal worth a strength for the humanistic approach?
The approach is optimistic. Which sees that all people are good and work towards personal growth.
152
Why is cultural bias a limitation for the humanistic approach?
The approach is more associated with the western world.
Collectivist cultures emphasize the needs of a community and may not identify with the approach. This approach is product of the culture it was made within so it lacks validity and reliability and it is difficult generalising the approach.
153
What is the Q sort?
A self assessment procedure for measuring congruence. Assort 100 statements into 9 categories.
154
Which side does **behaviourism**D lean to on the nature vs nurture debate?
Nurture.
155
Why does **behaviourism** lean towards the nurture debate?
As they believe the most important factor is environmental factors. Some role of nature are the innate reflex reaction.
156
Which side does **the social learning theory** lean on in the nature vs nurture debate?
Nurture.
157
Why does **The Social learning Theory** lean on the nurture debate?
As the approach is mainly due to direct stimulus response mechanisms such as observing models and vicarious reinforcement.
158
Which side does **the cognitive approach** lean on in the nature vs nurture debate?
Middle/ interactionist approach
159
Why does the **cognitive approach** lean on the middle?
As both aspects are relevant .Internal mental process have physical biological hardware of the brain while schemas are formed by experiences.
160
Which side does **the biological approach** lean on?
Nature
161
Why does the **the biological approach** lean on the nature debate?
As behaviour is due to DNA which codes for biological processes like neurotransmitters in the brain. Which could lead to mental health conditions
162
Which side does the **Psychodynamic approach** lean on the nature and nurture debate?
more nature.
163
Why does the **psychodynamic approach** lean on then nature debate?
Psychosexual stages are biological but experiences as a child will shape the personality as adults.
164
Which side does the **humanistic approach** lean on the nature vs nurture debate?
Nurture.
165
Why does the **Humanistic approach** lean on the nurture debate?
Nature from genes and environment influences.
166
What is reductionism?
The belief that human behaviour can be most effectively explained by breaking it down into its constituent parts.
167
What is Holism?
That human behaviour are best understood by look at the interaction of different factors.
168
What side does the **behaviourism** lean on in the reductionism and holism debate?
Reductionism
169
Why is **behaviourism** on the reductionism debate?
As they explain behaviour is as a chain of stimulus response links.
170
What side does **the social learning theory** lean on in the reductionism and holism debate?
middle
171
Why does the **the social learning theory** lean in the middle of the reductionism/holism debate?
As they have the role of internal mental process(mediational processes)
172
What side does the **cognitive approach** lean on in the reductionism and holism debate?
Reductionism
173
Why does the **cognitive approach** lean on the reductionism debate?
As it is machine reductionist- they argue for the computer analogy and they ignore the role of emotions
174
Why does the **biological approach** lean on the reductionist debate?
As they believe that behaviour is a chemical process. Also over simplifies the personal experience of having emotions and ignores cognitive factors.
175
What side does the **biological approach** lean on in the reductionism and holism debate?
Reductionist
176
What side is the **psychodynamic approach** on the reductionism vs Holism debate?
Holism
177
Why does the **psychodynamic approach** lean towards holism?
As they believe behaviour includes a range of factors :
-psychosexual stages
-changes in child hood
-unconscious mind interacting with the conscious
178
What side does the **humanistic approach** lean on in the reductionism vs holism debate?
Holism
179
Why does the **humanistic approach** lean on the holism debate?
As individuals experience is to be explained by a range of factors:
-biological factors
-direct experience to education
-social learning.
180
What side does the **behaviourist approach** lean on in the determinism vs free will?
Hard environmental determanism.
181
Why does the **behaviourist approach** lean on the determinist side?
As they believe that behaviour is solely because of the environment.
182
What side does the **the social learning theory** lean on in the determinist vs free will debate?
Determinism
183
Why does the **the social learning theory** lean on the determinism side?
Behaviour is solely because of the environment
184
What side does the **cognitive approach** lean on in the determinist vs free ill debate?
Soft determinist
185
Why does the **cognitive approach** lean on in the determinist side?
As casual factors influence behaviour:
-schema- automatic conscious techniques
-internal mental processes
186
What side does the **biological approach** lean on in the determinist vs free will debate?
Hard determinist.
187
Why is the **biological approach** lean on the determinist side?
Behaviour is entirely caused by physical nature.
188
What side does **psychodynamic approach** lean on in the determinist vs free will debate?
Psychic determinist.
189
Why does the **psychodynamic approach** lean on the determinist side?
Unconscious thoughts ,drives and memories shape behaviour
190
What side does the **humanistic approach** lean on in the determinist vs free will debate?
Free will
191
Why does the **humanistic approach** lean on in the free will debate?
As Humans are able to make their own decisions.
192
What is Nomothetic?
Psychologists who are concerned with establishing general laws which apply to a larger population.
193
What is idiographic?
Psychologists who focuses on unique experiences of individuals/ specific cases.
194
Which approaches are nomothetic? and
why?
-Behaviourist- Scientific methods
-The social learning theory- general laws
-cognitive- but uses case studies
-biological- but uses case studies
195
Which approaches are ideographic? and why?
-Psychodynamic- but applied as a law
-humanistic-person centred
196
What are the **behaviourists** view on development?
They think learning by conditioning is continuous and can occur at any age.
197
What are the **social theorists** view on development?
Learning is continuous and can occur at any age by vicarious reinforcement, imitation and modelling
198
What are the **cognitivists** views on development?
Children start with basic schemas and become more complex as they age.
199
What are the **biologists** views on development?
They believe behaviour is developed by the growth of nervous system.
200
What are the **psychodynamic psychologists** views on development?
The psychosexual stages show development but they do not see much development pass adolescence.
201
What are the **humanistic psychologists** views on development?
Development of self is ongoing through life- child's relationship with parents will effect.
202
What is the **behaviourist approach** explanation and treatment of abnormal behaviour?
They treat phobias, flooding systematic desensitisation using counterconditioning.
-unhelpful reinforcements have been made.
203
What is the **the social learning approach** explanation and treatment of abnormal behaviour?
Modelling to alter maladaptive behaviour.
Role models displaying appropriate behaviour.
204
What is the **cognitive approach** explanation and treatment of abnormal behaviour?
Explains depression as a fault thinking. Cognitive behavioural therapy is used to eradicate negative thinking.
205
What is the **biological approach** explanation and treatment of abnormal behaviour?
Brain surgery and drug therapy to alter activity of neurotransmitters.
206
What is the **psychodynamic approach** explanation and treatment of abnormal behaviour?
Freud saw disorders come from overuse of defence mechanisms, child hood trauma and unconscious conflict. Psychotherapy was instated to focus on past experiences.
207
What is the **humanistic approach** explanation and treatment of abnormal behaviour?
Client centred therapy used to close incongruence gap and achieve self growth.
Psycology
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