1
Q
Define nervous system.
A
Body’s rapid communication network using neurons and electrochemical signals to gather information to respond to the environment.
2
Q
What does the nervous system consist of?
A
Consists of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
3
Q
What does the central nervous system consist of?
A
Consists of the brain and spinal cord and is the origin of all complex commands and decisions.
4
Q
Define the peripheral nervous system.
A
Send information to the central nervous system from the outside world and transmit messages from the the CNS to the muscle and glands of the body.
5
Q
Define the somatic nervous system.
A
Sub division of the peripheral nervous system that control voluntary responses like walking
6
Q
Define autonomic nervous system.
A
Part of the nervous system responsible for control the bodily functions not consiously directed. Eg. breathing
7
Q
What are the two roles of the nervous system?
A
To collect, process and respond to information in the environment
To Co ordinate the working of different organs in cells in the body.
8
Q
What is the spinal cord?
A
It is an extension of the brain and is responsible for reflex action. Is able to pass messages to and from the brain.
9
Q
Define the endocrine system.
A
A collection of organs that secret hormones into the blood stream.
10
Q
What are the two functions of the endocrine system?
A
- Secret hormones which are required to regulate many bodily functions. E.g. the release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland to promote appropriate growth or metabolism.
2.To provide a chemical system of communication through the blood stream. E.g adrenaline for flight or fight response.
11
Q
What is the major endocrine gland?
A
Pituitary gland.
12
Q
What is the role of the pituitary gland?
A
Control the release of hormones from all of the other endocrine glands in the body.
13
Q
What does the pituitary gland secrete?
A
ACTH to regulate cortisol levels in the blood- cortisol regulates many processes within the body eg. immune response, stress response and metabolism.
14
Q
What is adrenaline linked with?
A
Physiological response in the flight or fight response. From the adrenal gland.
15
Q
What is testosterone for?
A
The key male sex hormone , regulates fertility and muscle mass. Secreted from the testes.
16
Q
What is insulin linked with?
A
Helps control blood glucose levels and helps cells take in glucose to be used for energy.
17
Q
What is oestrogen and progesterone linked with?
A
Oestrogen helps with regulating the menstrual cycle and progesterone maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy.
18
Q
What is the flight or fight response?
A
The way an animal responds to stress as it becomes physiologically aroused to fight or and aggressor or to run away.
19
Q
What happens when a stressor is perceived?
A
The endocrine system and the autonomic system work in parallel with one another.
1. The hypothalamus activates the pituitary gland
2.This triggers activity in the sympathetic branch of the autonomic system.
3.The ANS changes from its normal resting state to a physically aroused state
4. Adrenaline is released from the adrenal medulla in to the bloodstream.
20
Q
What happens to the body when it is in the sympathetic state ( fight or flight state)?
A
The body is physically aroused. Adrenaline triggers various physiological changes ( raised heart rate etc). This is an autonomic response in the body.
21
Q
What happens to the body when it is in the parasympathetic state(rest and digest response)?
A
Once the threat has passed, the parasympathetic branch of the ANS returns the body to its resting state.
It act as a break- reduces the activities of the body that were increased by the actions of the sympathetic system.
22
Q
What are the issues of the fight and flight response?
A
- Limits human behaviour
-doesn’t fully explain the female stress response.
-Negative impact on health
23
Q
Why is that the flight or fight response limits human behaviour a limitation?
A
P:One limitation of the fight or flight response is that it is not limited to two responses.
E:Gray suggests that the first response to danger is to avoid it- freeze response. They are hypervigilant while they appraise the situation to decide on the best action to preform.
E:This means the fight or flight response is limited and doesn’t fully explain the complex cognitive + biological factors .
24
Q
Why is that the fight or light doesn’t explain the female stress response a limitation?
A
P: The dont full explain the stress response in females
E:Shelly Taylor et al suggest that females adopt a ‘Tend and befriend’ response. As they are more likely to protect their offspring and form alliances with other women.
E: This highlights a beta bias as they assumes that females behave the same as males
E:The OG fight or flight response has limited application to females and Taylors research has given an alternative explanation which is a strength.
25
Why is the flight or fight response has negative health a limitation?
P: It can have detrimental effect on health.
E:It is a useful survival mechanism but in modern life it rarely requires an intense biological response.
E: This matters as the response can cause high blood pressure to damage blood vessels and contribute to heart disease. Maladaptive response to modern life.
26
Define sensory neuron.
Carries signal from senses to the central nervous system.
27
Define relay neuron.
Carries signals between sensory and motor neurons or connect to other relay neurons.
28
Define motor neurons.
Carries signal from the CNS to the internal organs and muscles
29
What is the structure of the sensory neuron?
Long dendrites and short axons
30
What is the structure of the relay neuron?
Short dendrites and short axons
31
What is the structure of the motor neurons?
Short dendrites and long axons.
32
What is the structure of the neuron?
-Cell body/soma
-Nucleus
-Dendrites
-Axon
-Myelin sheath
-nodes of ranvier
-Terminal axon
33
Define dendrite.
Branch like structure that protrude from cell body and carry electrical impulses from neighbouring neurons towards the cell body.
34
Define myelin sheath.
A fatty layer which covers the axon to protect it and speed up electrical transmission of the impulse.
35
Define nodes of ranvier.
Gaps in the myelin sheath. These are necessary as if the myelin sheath was continuous it would slow don the impulse.
-gaps force the impulse to jump across the gaps along the axon.
36
What happens when the neuron is activated by a stimulus?
The inside of the cell becomes positively charged for a split second causing an action potential to occur. This creates an electrical impulse that travels down the axon towards the end of the neuron.
37
What is the reflex arc?
A neural pathway that controls a reflex.
For a faster reflex to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain.
38
Define excitation?
Occurs when a link between a neurotransmitter and a receptor site in a synapse makes the receptor site cell more likely to act.
39
Define Inhibition
Occurs when a link between a neurotransmitter and receptors site in a synapse makes the receptor site's cell is less likely to act.
40
Define synapse.
The tiny gap between one neuron and the next.
41
Define synaptic transmission.
The way that signals between neurons are transmitted chemically across the synaptic gap.
42
What happens when during neural transmission?
The electrical impulse reaches the end of the neuron triggers the release of neurotransmitters from tiny sacs called synaptic vesicles.
43
What happens when the neurotransmitter crosses the synapse?
The neurotransmitter crosses the gap, it is taken up by the postsynaptic receptor site. The chemical messenger is converted back into an electrical impulse.
44
What is an example of exhibitory neurotransmitter?
Adrenaline causes excitation and increase the positive charge.
45
What is the localisation of function?
The theory that different areas of the brain are responsible for different behaviours, processes and activates.
46
What is localisation vs holistic theory?
In the early 19th century, holistic htoeyr that all parts of the brain was involved in processing thought and action.
But specific areas were later linked with specific functions. If the areas was damaged the function would be affected.
47
What does the left hemisphere control?
The right side of the body
48
What does the right hemisphere control?
The left side of the body.
49
What is the cerebral cortex?
It is a cover for the inner parts of the brain. Separates humans from lower animals as it is highly developed.
50
Where is the motor area?
At the back of the frontal lobe
51
What does the motor area control?
Voluntary movement
52
What happens if the motor area is damaged?
Damages may result in loss of control over fine motor movements.
53
Where is the somatosensory area?
At the front of the parietal lobe.
54
What does the somatosensory area do?
Process sensory information from the skin.
he amount of somatosensory area devoted to a particular body part denotes its sensitivity.
55
Where is the visual area?
In the occipital lobe at the back of the brain
56
What does the visual area do?
Each eye sends information from the right visual field to the left visual cortex vice versa.
57
Where is the auditory area?
In the temporal lobe.
58
What does the auditory area do?
Analyses speech based information. Damage may produce partial hearing loss- the more extensive the damage, the more serious the loss.
59
What are the language areas of the brain?
Broca's areas
Wernicke's area
60
Where is brocas area?
In the left frontal lobe
61
What does brocas area do?
Responsible for speech production
62
What happens when broca's area is damaged?
Damage to this area resultes in Brocas aphasia where speech is slow, laberious and lacking in fluency.
63
Where is Wernicke's area?
In the left temporal lobe
64
What does Wernickes area do?
understanding language
65
What happens when Wernickes area is damaged?
Wernicke's aphasias produce language but have problems with understanding it. They will produce fluent meaningless speech.
Nonsense words- neolegisms.
66
What are the strengths that the functions are localised?
-Brain scan evidence of localisation
-Neurosurgical evidence
-Case study evidence.
67
Why is brain scan evidence a strength that functions are localised?
P:One strength of localstation theory is that brain scan evidence to support it.
E:Peterson et al used brain scans to show activity of the language areas.
E:A study of LTM Tulving elated seantic and episodic memories are located in different parts of the prefrontal cortex.
E:There are lots of objective mthods to provide sound scientific evidence of localisation of function.
68
Why is Nuerosurgical evidence a strength of the localisation theory?
P:One strength of localisation theory is support from neurosurgery. Neurosurgery is used to treat severe mental disorders.
E:Dougherty et al studies 44 people with OCD who had a cingulatomy. 30% met sucessful response and 14% for partial response
E:Sucess of procedures suggest that the behviours assocaite with mental disorders may be localised.
69
Why is case study evidence a strength of the localisation theory?
P:One strength of localisation theory is case study evidence to support- Phineas Cage
E: A pole went through his left frontal lobe and survived but there was an effect on his personality.
From Calm to quick tempered and rude.
E: This suggest that rain areas are localised to specific functions and that neurological damage can damage functions.
70
Why is Plasicity an argument agains the localisation theory?
P: Argument agains is the notion of Plasticity. Brain becomes damages the rest of the brain is able to reorganise tself to recover lost of function
E: Lashley call this the law of **Equipotentiality** where the surviving brain circutes replace the functions of the damaged parts. Stroke victms able to recover abilites which were seemingly lost.
E:This does not happen every time but there are sveral documentated cases of this happening so this contradicts the localisation theory.
71
Define lobotomy.
A brain sugery which involves severing nerve fibres in the brains frontal lobes to treat severe mental illnesses.
72
Define cingulotomy.
A neurosurgery where the doctor dystroys part of the cingulum bundle of the brain.
73
Define brain hemispheres.
Two near sympetrical halves of the cerebrum separated by a deep grove.
74
Define split brain research.
Studies individuals who have had their corpus callosum surgerciall severed usually to treat epilepsy, to see how each hemisphere specialises in different functions.
75
Define commisurotomy.
A neurosurgery which severs the corpus callosum.
76
Define Hemispheric lateralisation theory.
The ideas that two halves of the brain are functionally different and certain mental processes and behaviour are controlled by one hemisephere.
77
Who investigated split brain studies?
Sperry
78
What did Sperry do?
He studies individuals who had undegone the same procedure where the corpus callosum was removed to control severe epileptic seizures.
79
What did Sperry want to see?
If communication was removed and to see the extent which the hemispheres are specialised for differnt functions or independantly.
80
What was Sperry's procedure?
The ppt would look at the fixation point. An image or word would be projected at their right visual field. A different or same immage would be be projected to their left.
Ppts would be asked to describe/ draw what was seen.
81
What did find Sprry when he asked what the ppt could see?
When shown to right vsual field could describe what they could see.
Preseted to left reported nothing was there.
normal brain: messages from right brain would b relayd to the language in the left brain.
82
What was Sperrys findings?
-Describing what you see
-Recognition by touch
-Compisite Words
-Matching faces
83
Why did the person see the image on the right but not on the left?
Due to the lack of language centres in the right hemisphere.
84
What what the fingings when the ppts were asked what they could see?
The particpiants could say what what in the right visual feild but not in the left?
Normal brain: messages would be relayed from the right hemisphere to the left hemisphere.
85
What were the findings of recognition by touch?
Ppts could not attach verbal labels to objects in the left visual field but were able to select the matching objct with their left hand.
They could not verbally identify what they had seen but were able to understand what the object was with their right hemisphere.
86
What were the findings of composite words?
Two words were presented at the same time- one on both visual fields
Ppts would select key with left hand say ring.
87
What was the findings for the matching faces expeiement?
When asked to match a face from a series of other faces, the picture processed by the right hemisphere was selected.
88
What hemisphere is dominant is recognising faces?
Right hemisphere.
89
What was the findings of two different halves was presented in the matching faces experiment?
The left hemisphere was dominant in terms of verbal description whereas the right was dominant in choosing matching picture.
90
What are the strengths for split brain research?
-Demonstarted lateralised brain function
-Strengths of methodology
-Theoretical basis
91
Why is demontrating lateralised brain functions a strength of split brain studies?
P:Sperry's work into split brains have had impressive body of reasearch findings.
Left hemi is more related to analytica and verbal tasks
Right hemi is more realted to spatial and music tasks.
E:Right hemi can only produce can only produce basic words/phrases
Left hemi can produce emotional and holistic and content of languge.
92
What are the strengths of the methodology of split brain studies?
P:The experiments ivolved split brain patients made use of specialised and stadrdised procedures.
E:Sperrys's procedure involves patients are asked to stare at a fixation point and the image would be flashed for 1/10 of a second- not time to spread vision across both fields.
E: This allowed sperry is vary aspects of basic procedure and restrict one feild of vision.
93
Why is theoretical basis a strength of split brain studies?
P:Sperry's work prompted a theortical and philosophical debate about the degree of communication between two hemispheres in everday functioning.
E:Pucetti suggested that the two hemispheres are functionally differnt that we have 2 minds and this is emphasised in split brain procedures.
94
Define brain plasticity.
The brains ability to reorganise its structure, functions and neural connections throughout life in response to experiance, learning or injury.
95
Define synaptic pruning.
The natural developmental process of eliminating weak or unused neural conections while strengthening necessary ones.
96
Define functional recovery.
The transfer of functions from a damaged area of the brain after trauma to other undamaged areas.
97
Define spotaneous recovery.
When a unexpected behaviour recovers after a period of extinction or lessening of the behaviour when the stimulus is present.
98
Define Axonal sprouting.
A growth of a new nerve endings from existing neurons to form new connections.
99
Define homologous areas.
Corresponding reigons located in oppositve hemispheres of the brain.
100
What are the synaptic connections like as an infant?
They have double synaptic connection than an adult.
101
How many synaptic connections does a infant have?
15,000
102
Who researched into plasicity of spatial navigation?
Maguire
103
What was Maguires aim of his reasearch into plasticity?
To examine whether structural changes could be detected in the brian of people with extentive experiance of spatial navigation.
104
What was Maguires method of research into plasticity?
Strucural MRI scan were obtained.
16 right handed male taxi drivers ppts.
-Drove for more than 1.5 years
Compared with 50 healthy male non taxi rivers. Mean age did not differ
105
What were the findings of Maguire's plasticity study?
1) Increas of volume or grey matter in the taxi drivers- posterior hippocampus
2)Changes of navigational experiance. Correlation found between the amount of time spent as a taxi driver + volume of grey matter.
106
What was the conculsions of the Maguire study?
The results provide evidence for structural differnces between the hippocampi of taxi drivers and control.
Extensive practive with spatial navigation affects the hippocampus
learning experance= after of brain structure.
107
What happens to the brain during recovery?
-Able to rewire itself by forming synaptic connections
-secondary pathwayds are activated
-axonal sprouting
-reformation of blood vessels
-recruitmnt of homolougous areas
108
What are the strengths of plasticity and recovery of the brain?
-Practical application
109
Why is practical application a strength of plasticity and functional recovery?
P: Understanding the processes involved in plasticity has contrbuted to the feild of neurorehabilitation. After nad injury to the brain SR starts to slow down so physical therapy may be used to mainting improvements.
E: Techniques: Movement therapy and electrical stimulation of the brain to counter the deficits of motor/congnitive functioning
E: This shows tat the brain has the capacity to fix itself to a point- May require further intervention if it is to be sucessful.
110
What are the limitations of Plasticity and functional recovery of the brain?
-Negative plasticity
-Age and plasticity
111
Why is negative plasticity a limitation of plasticity research?
P:The brains ability to rewire itself can have malidaptive responses.
E: -Prolonged drug use - poorer congnitive functioning + risk of demenia
-60/80% of amputees have been known to develop phantom limb syndrome- due to cortical reorganisation in somatosensory cortex.
E:Rathan an adaptive response to loss of function it is a maladaptive and result in detrimental circumstances.
112
What is age and plasticity a limitation of plasticity and function recovery?
P:Functional plasticity reduces age As the brain has a greater tendency for reorganisation iN childhood as it is constantly adapting to new experiances and learning.
E:AS Bezzola et al demonstrated how 40 hours of golf training prouce change in neural represenation of movemnt of ppts 40-60.
E:This shows that neural plasticity does continue througout the lifespan.
113
What is cognitive reserve?
A factor affecting how well the brain adapts after injury might be a person's educational acheivement.
Schnider et all discored that more time spent in education the greater change of a disbility free recovery.
114
Define phantom limb syndrome.
The continued experance of sensations in the missing limb as if it was still there
115
What is fMRI?
A noninvasive advanced imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygen levels.
116
How does oxygen flow highlight the brain activity?
When a brain activtes it consumes more oxygen and increase more demand in area.
117
What can fMRIs be used for?
Memory or language studies.
118
What is an EEG?
A painless test that measures electrical activity within the brain via electrodes which are fixed to the individuals skull.
119
What does and EEG scan create?
This creates brainwave patterns which are generated from millions of neurons providing an overall account of brain activity.
120
What is EEG used to study?
They are used to study differnt states of coniousness or detect abnormal brain activity- sleep studies and epilepsy diagnosis.
121
What are the 4 types of brain waves patterns?
-Alpha
-Beta
-Theta
-Delta
122
What are ERPS?
A technique that measures brain responses directly resulting from specific sensory stimuli , cognitive or motor events from EEG recordings.
123
What are postmortems examinations?
Traditional methods of investigating the brain ater a persons death.
124
What do post mortums consist of?
Involves analysing the brain tissue after a person has died. The pathologists look at the abnormalties/damage which can explain behaviours and psychologyical disroders and they compare a neurotypical brain.
125
What is post mortum used for?
Phineas Gage and Broca's area.
126
What are the strengths of fMRI?
-fMRI unlike PET scans do not rely on radiation
-fMRIs are virtually risk free, non invasive and straightforwards to use
-If produces images that have a very high spatial resolution, giving detal by the milimetre.
127
What are the weakness of fMRI?
fMRI s exensive compare to other neuroimaging technique and can only capture a clear image if the person stays perfect still.
-Poor temporal resolution because there is around a 5 second time lag
behind the image on the screen and firing of the neurons
-fMRI can only measure blood flw in the brain- unable to detect activity of individual neurons and to tell what brain activity is being represented.
128
What are the strengths of weakness of EEG?
EEGs are important in diagnosis of conditions such as epilepsy
-contribted to our undersanting of the stages involved in sleep
-EEG has extremely high temporal resolution
-Resolution of One milisecond.
129
What are the strengths of ERP?
ERP adresses the limitation of EEG and brings specificity to the measurement of neural processes than could be achieved by using raw EEG data.
-ERPs are derived from EEG measurements and have temporal resolution+ measurement of cognitive functions and deficits
-Able to identify different types of ERP and decribe role of cogitive functioning include parts of working memory.
130
What are the strengths of port mortem?
-Post mortem evidence was vital in providing a foundation for early understanding of key process of the brain.
-Broca/wernickes area relied on post mortum with linking language.
-Improves medical knowledge and and hypothesis of futher study.
131
Define biological rhythms.
Internal cyclical patterns of bodily activity.
132
Define circadian rhythms.
24 hour internal cycles that regulate essential functions like sleep-wake patterns, hormone release and body temp.
133
Define Desychronisation.
The disruption of internal biological rhyths from external environmental cues or internal harmony.
134
Define infradian rhythm.
Biological cycles lasting 24 hours weekly, monthley or annually.
135
What are biorhythms influenced by?
Endogenous pacemakers and Exogenous zeitgebers which occur during the day.
136
What are endogenous pacemakers?
Internal, biological mechanisms that govern bodily rhythms.
137
What are exogenous zeitgebers?
External envirnmental cues tat entrain an organisms internal biological clock.
138
What is the sleep wake cycle?
Your body's natural, roughly 24 hour rhythm that decides periods of sleepiness and alertness, controlled by your internal body clock and and sleep drive. synthronisedby light and darkness.
139
Who is siffre?
A self styled cave man who spent extended periods underground to study the effects of own biological rhythms.
140
What was Siffre's procedure?
He had no natural light only artfical light and he lived in the cave for two months.
141
What was siffre's findings?
Free runing biological rhyths was 25 hours and continued to fall asleep and wake up on a regular schedule.
142
What are the strengths of circadian rhythms research?
-Practical application to shift work
-practical application to drug treatments
143
Why is practical application to shift work a strength of research on circadian rhythms?
P: One strength is the knowledge of circadian rhythms has given research a better understanding of the consequences of desynchronisation.
E: For example, night workers in shift work experiance a period of reduced concentration at 6 am which means mistakes are more likely to happen.
E:Research has also suggested that a relationship between shift wok and poor health. They are 3x more likely to develop hear disease . This can be due to differnt sleep/wake cycles or lack of quality sleep during the day.
E: Research in sleep/wake cycle has economic implications on how to manage worker productivity.
144
Why is practical application to drug treatments a strength to circadian rhythm research?
P:A strength is that circadian rhythms co ordinate the bodys basic processe. which has an effect on pharmocokinetics.
E:Research into circadian rhythms revealed that ther are peak times of the night or day where drugs are most effective EG. drugs for cholesteral should be taken at bed time is due to cholesteral production is high at midnight.
E:This is a strength as it had led to development of guideines of drug timing
145
What are pharmocokinetics?
The action of drugs on the body and how well they are absorbed and distributed.
146
What are the limitations of circadian rhythm research?
The use of case studies and small sample sizes.
147
Why is the use of case studies and small sample a limitations of circadian rhythms research?
P: Studies of sleep/wake cycle to involve small sample size which may not be represenative of the wider poulation.
E: In Siffres second cave experiance his internal clock was slow. He was not able to acheice a 48 hour cycle on the first time but some on second.
E:This shows that the same person is involved there are factors that vary can prevent general conculsions being drawn.
148
What are examples of circadian rhythms?
-Core body temperature
-The teenage circadian rhythm
149
What are the temperatures of the body temperature throughout the day?
-It is the lowest at 4 am (36 degrees) and is the highest at 6-7 (38 degrees)
150
What have research on body temperature on mental abilites?
The warmer we are internally the better our cognitive ability.
151
Define the menstral cycle.
A natural complex cycle of changes that your body goes through each month which hormones regulate ovulation.
152
How long does the menstral cycle last for?
28 days and happens 12 times annual.
153
What happens during ovulation?
In increase of oestrogen hormonew causes the development of an egg and the release of it.
154
What does progesterone do?
In the Luteal phase the body rises in progesterone and prepares the body for pregnancy.Thickens the lining.
155
What happens when pregnancy does not occur?
Levels of oestrogen and progesterone drop and lining detaches.
156
What happens during ovulation?
The period-> oestrogen and LH rises to thicken the lining and mature egg.
157
Who researched pheromones impact on syncing menstural cycles?
Stern and McClintock.
158
What was the procedure of Stern and McClintock?
29 women with irregular periods
9 put cotton pads under their arms for 8 hours ( treated with alcohol and frozen)
Rubbed on uperlips o 20 ppts. pads from day one then day two pads
159
What did Stern and McClintock find about their pheromone study?
68% of women felt changes in their cycles and cycles were close to their odor donor.
160
Define Seasonal Affective Disorder.
A type of depression occuring due to seasonal changes in sunlight and mood.
161
What are the symptomss of the SAD?
-Lack of activity+ interest
-Winter blue
162
What is the cause of SAD?
Implicated melatonins
163
What part of the brain secreates meltonin?
Pineal gland secreates melatonin until increase of light
164
Why is evolutionary basis for menstural cycles a strength for infradian rhythm research?
P:Menstural synchrony has evolitationary value. Ancestors thought it might be advantagous to mensturate together and fall pregnant too.
E:This would mean new borns would have a social group and increase the change of survival
E:But this was questioned by Schank where they said females cycles synchronising would produce competition and high quality males
and reducing capability of offspring.
E:The avoidance of synchrony would appear to be most adaptive evolutionary stratagey.
165
Why is metholodical limitations in synchronisation studies a limitation for infradian rhythms?
P:People says taht many factors can effect a womans cycle ie stress,diet and exercise.
E:Any pattern of synchronisation could be by change and only a small sample of women which are self reporting.
E:Trevathan et al failed to see any evidence of mentstral synchrony in his research.
E:Validity of synchronisation is questional as we can not be sure of changes.
-Unreliability as no consistant findings.
166
What are the strengths for research into infradian rhythms?
-Evolutionary basis of menstural cycle
-Practical application for SAD.
167
Why is practical application for SAD a strength for infradian rhythms?
P:Phototherapy - light box that srimulates strong light and reset melatonins levels
E:Relieves 60% of sufferes symptoms
E:30% Placebo effect using a negative ion generator. Har to concoude if it was the expecations or the box to lead to improvement of symptoms.
Psycology
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