1
Q
Define Conformity.-
A
The act of aiming to ones attitudes believes and behaviours with group norms, often in response to real or imagined social pressure.
2
Q
Define Internalisation.
A
A person changes both their public behaviour (the way they act) AND their private beliefs. This is usually a long-term change.
3
Q
Define Identification- permanent change
A
A process where an individual adopts the characteristics of another persons to align/emulate them.
4
Q
Define Compliance.- superficial change
A
A person changes their public behaviour but NOT their private beliefs. This is usually a short-term change.
5
Q
Define Informational Social Influence.-cognitive
A
Conforming to gain knowledge and be ‘right’. To act appropriately and avoid standing out.
6
Q
Define Normative Social Influence. - emotional
A
Conforming to be accepted and belong to a group. This is social rewarding and avoids social rejection.
7
Q
Define nAffiliators.
A
Individuals who have a strong need to affiliation and a greater concern for being liked and accepted by others.
8
Q
Who developed a two process theory for explaining conformity?
A
Deutsch and Gerard.
9
Q
What are the basis for the two process theory for explaining conformity?
A
The need to be accepted and the need to be right.
10
Q
Why is research support for ISI a strength for it to be an explaination?
A
P:Supported by empirical research.
E:Lucas et al(2006) asked students to give answers to easy or difficult math questions. There was more conformity to incorrect answers when it was difficult questions than easier ones.
E: Shows people conform in social situations when they dont know the awnser. we looks for people who we assume know better than us. ISI is valid.
11
Q
Why is research support for NSI a strength for it to be an explaination?
A
P:Research support
E:Schultz et al found they were able to change behaviour of hotel guests with a message.- fewer towels used
E:Makes guests aware of the towel norm as the behaviour is approved by others. Accurate way of explaining.
12
Q
What is a limitation for the two way process model?
A
NSI and ISI work together.
13
Q
Why is ISI and NSI working together a limitation for the two way process model?
A
P:Both processes are involved.
E: Asch study conformity was reduced when there was one deviating participant. Participant reduces NSI and ISI as there is an alternative source of info.
E:Not always possible to see if behaviour is influenced by ISI or NSI.
14
Q
When does NSI occur?
A
When the individual does not want to be rejected by strangers or social approval of friends or stressful situations for social support.
15
Q
When does ISI occur?
A
When decisions have to be made quickly in crisis or emergency situations.
16
Q
Define group size.
A
The number of individuals within a social group.
17
Q
Define unanimity.
A
Agreement by all people involved.
18
Q
Define task difficulty.
A
A subjective measure of how challenging a task is to complete.
19
Q
What is the Aim of Asch’s research?
A
To test the extent to which people will conform to the opinion of others even when the awnser is ambiguous.
20
Q
What was the procedure of Asch’s research?
A
Showed participants 2 cards- 1 with a standard line and another with 3 comparison lines.
1 of the 3 lines was the same length as the standard.
Participants were asked which of the 3 lines matched the standard.
128 male undergraduates
Each was tested with 6-8 confederates.
First trials confederates gave right awnser then made errors.- the same wrong error.
12/18 trials confederates gave wrong awnser.
21
Q
What was Asch’s findings?
A
Naïve participant gave wrong awnser 36% of the time.
25% did not conform
75% conformed once
most conformed to avoid rejection
22
Q
What is the Asch’s effect?
A
When participants conform even when the situation is unambiguous.
23
Q
What are the limitations for Asch’s study?
A
-A child of its time
-Artificial situation and task
-Limited application and findings.
24
Q
Why is the time period that Asch’s study took place in a limitation for explaining conformity?
A
P:Carried out in the 1990’s
E:Perrin and Spencer repeated the study and 1/356 trials a person conformed. Asch study was does in a conformist time.
E: Asch effect is not consistent through time- not a core feature of human behaviour.
25
What is the counter argument for Perrin and Spencer's augment against Asch's study?
Students used were engineering student which felt more confident to defy the bias.
26
Why is that Asch's study was artificial a limitation for explaining conformity?
P: The situation was artificial and task
E:The participants knew they were in a study- demand characteristics
The task was insignificant and no real reason to not conform. Group said it was not like everyday life.
E:Limitation as the findings can not be generalised to everyday situations.
27
Why is limited application of findings a limitation for Asch's Study as a explaination for conformity?
P:Difficult to generalise findings as he only studied American males.
E:Females are more conformist as they are more concerned about being accepted.
Culture- Higher conformity have been found in collectivist culture- china.
E:Conformity levels could be lower or higher which reduces generalisability.
28
Is the group size more important than the agreement of the group?
With 3 confederates conformity rose 31.8% but with more confederates it made little difference.
CONC: no need for more than 3 confederates.
29
Does the presence of another non conforming person affect the naïve participant conformity?
A confederate who disagreed wit other reduced conformity by a quarter.
CONC: The presence of a disagree gave the ppt confidence to disagree. Conformity depend on the majority being unanimous
30
Does the difficulty of the task have an influence on conformity?
Asch made the line more difficult to judge - conformity increased
CONC: ISIS plays a greater role when the task becomes more difficult. We are more likely to look to other people for guidance
31
Define social roles.
The expected behaviours, responsibilities and norms associated with a particular position or status within a social group.
32
Define obedience.
Complying with the demands or orders of an authority figure.
33
Define confederate.
A person who participates in a research study but works for the researcher.
34
Define situational variables.
External factors in the environment that can influence behaviour .
35
What is Zimbardo's Aim?
To test the extent to which people will conform to the expectations of social roles.
36
What was Zimbardo's procedure?
-He set up a mock prison in Stanford Uni.
-Students Volunteered and selected emotionally stable.
-Students were randomly assigned to prisoner/guard
-Prisoners were arrested in their own homes and given a number.
-Prisoners were regulated by guards,
-Prisoners numbers were used to address
-Guards had a uniform and told they had complete power over the prisoners.
37
What were Zimbardo's Findings?
-Guards too up roles enthusiastically
-Guards threatened prisoners mental and physical health.
-Stopped after 6/14 days
-Prisoners rebelled and were punished by harassment and head counts at midnight.
-Prisoners were depressed and anxious.
-1 prisoner was released with signs of psychological damage - first day
-2 were realsed day 4
-One prisoner went on hinger strike was punished by being put into a hole.
38
What was Zimbardo's conclusions?
Social roles are powerful influences on behaviour and most people will conform to the expectations of their social roles.
39
What are the strengths of Zimbardo's research?
-Good control of variables.
40
Why is good control over variables a strength for Zimbardo's research?
P:Good control over variables
E:He chose emotionally stable volunteers who could cope with the demands of the study. he randomly assigned participants to roles so individual differences could be ruled out- only due to the pressure of the situation.
E:increases internal validity of the study.
41
What are the limitations of Zimbardo's research?
-Lack of realism
-Role of dispositional influences
42
Why is a lack of realism a limitation for Zimbardo's research?
P: Lack of realism
E:Banauazizi and Mohavedi said that participants were play acting that conforming to a role. Supported by a guards account- based his character on a film character + prisoners rioting thought what prisoners did.
E:Prisoners didnt conform to the expectations of the situation.- Demand characteristics.
43
What is a counter argument for the lack of realism in Zimbardo's research?
E:Zimbardo gathered data that 90% of the time the prisoners talked about prison life. One prisoner though it was a prison run by psychologists.
44
Why is the role of dispositional influences a limitation of Zimbardo's research?
P:Exaggurating the power of the situation to influence behaviour and disregarding the role of personality.
E:1/3 guards behaved brutally and 1/3 wanted fair rules and gave support to prisoners by giving cigarettes- sympathizing with the.
E:Shows that participant were conforming to social roles is exaggerated. They were able to make right and wrong choices despite the situational pressures.
45
What was Milgrams aim for his study?
To test the extent to which people will obey an authority figure- wanted to research how and why the events of the holocaust came to be.
46
What was Milgrams Procedure?
-40 male participants through newspapers/flyers
-The ad said they were conducting a memory test.
-Ppts were aged from 20-50 yrs and from unskilled-skilled
paid $4.50
Rigged draw for the role of teacher and student- all participants got the teacher role and each confederate got student.
+Experimenter in a lab coat
-Teacher had to give increasingly severe electrice shocks when the learner made a mistake. 15V-450V
shocks were fake but ppts did not know this.
47
What were Milgrams Findings?
No ppts stopped below 300V
12.5% stopped at 300V
65% exceded to the 450V
qualitative data: ppts showed extreme tension, sweating, trembling, stuttering, biting lips and groaning. Also seizeres- 3
Before the study psychology studetns predicted what would happen.- no more thann 3~% would continue to the 450V
-All debreifed + follow up questionaire.
48
What are Milgram's findings to his study?
We obey ligitmate authority figures even if that means our behaviour causes harm to someone else.
49
What are the strengths from Milgrams obedience research?
-Supporting replication
-good external validity.
50
Why is good external validity a strength for Milgram's study of obedience?
P:Milgrams lab studyt may lack external valiidty but the situation was the relationship btween the quthority figure and the ppt.
E:Milgram argued that this relationship reflected wide authority relationships irl.
Hofling studied nurses in a ward and 21/22 nurses obeyed an unjustified demand from a doctor.
E: Suggest that process of obedience to authority in milgrams study can be applied to real life situations.
51
Why is supporting replication a strength for Milgrams research?
P:Other studies that have replicated the procedure.
E: On Le Jue de la Mort they replicated the study where they thought they were contestants of a game show to give electric shocks to other ppts(confederates)
80% gave 450V and their behaviour was identical
E: SUpports milgrams original concs about obedience to authority and shows it was not a one off chance occurance.
52
What are the limitations to Milgram's research?
Low internal validity
Ethical issues
53
Why is low internal validity a limitation for Milgram's research?
P: Shows low internal valiidty. Orne and Holland argued that pprts behaved as they didnt beleive that they were real electric shocks.
E: Perry conform this as she listend to tapes of MIlgram's and ppts expressed doubts on the shocks.
COUNTER ARGUMENT: Sheridan and King conducted a simular study. Shocks given to a puppy 54% of males and 100% of females delivered a 'fatal shock'
E: Suggests that Milgrams study was genuine as people behaved the same way with real shocks.
70% thought they were genuine.
54
Why are ethical issues a limiation for Milgrams reasearch?
P:Ethical issues
E:Diana Baumrind was critical on how MIlgram decieved his participants - led to beleive the allocation was random but fixed
-memory test
-electic shocks were real
E:Saw deception was a betrayal of trust and could damage research and psychologists rep.
55
What are the situational variables for Milgram's obedience study?
Proximity
Location
Uniform
56
What did Milgram do to test the situation variables? why?
He conducted several variations of the study.
He did this to compare it against the baseline.
57
How did Milgram test the situational variable 'proximity'?
He did this by changing the proximity of the teacher and the learner or the teacher and the experimenter
Eg- teacher and the learner in the same room
forcing the learner's hand onto a electroshock plate
delivering instructions on the phone.
58
Did the varaitions of testing proximity increase or decrease obedience?
All decreased obedience.
- participants gave shocks/weaker shocks than ordered to.
59
How did Milgram test the situational variable ' Location'?
He changed the location of the study
Eg- in a run downbuilding than Yale univeristy
60
Did the varaitions of testing location increase or decrease obedience?
This decreased obedience- to 47.5% than 65%
-Experimenter had less authority
61
How did Milgram test the situational variable 'Uniform'?
By changing the uniform of the experimenter.
Eg- Experimenter called away from a telephone call at the start and replaced by a confederate in everyday clothes.
62
Did the varaitions of testing uniform increase or decrease obedience?
Decreased obedience.
Obedience went down to 20%
63
What are the strengths for MIlgrams situational variables research?
-Research support
-cross cultural variations
64
Why is research support a strength for Milgrams sitational variables research?
P:Research support for the influence of situational variables
E:Bickman's conducted a study where confederates dressed in differnt outfits and one was a security guard and people were twice as likely to obey the security guard than the man in a jacket and tie.
E:Shows sitational varaibles (uniform) has a powerful effect on obdience.
65
What are the limitations for Milgram's situational variables research?
Lack of internal validity.
66
Why is lack of internal validity a limitation for Milgram's study?
P: Low internal validity in studies on situational variables.
E: Orne and Holland suggested that the variations would be suspicious due to the extra experimental manipulation
eg. the switch of the experimenter with a confederate.
E: Unclear if the results are due to obedience or due to ppts saw the deception and were influenced by demand characteristics.
67
Why is cross cultural replications a strength for Milgram's study?
P: A strength for Milgram's research.
E: Meeus and Raajmakers ordered Dutch ppts to say stressful comments about interviewees.
Found that 90% were obedient and fell when proximity decreased.
-Show that Milgram's study was not limited to American males.
COUNTER ARGUMENT- Smith and Bond note that MOST replications have taken place in western socs
E: We can not conclude that Milgram's findings are about proximity, location and uniform applies to all people of all cultures.
68
What the explaination for obedience?
-Social Psychological factors
-Dispositional explainations
69
What is the agentic state?
A mental state where an individual sees themselves as an agent carrying orders from an authority figure.
70
What is the autonomous state?
A psychological state where individuals perceive themselves as responsible for their own actions and their consequences
71
What are binding factors?
Aspects of a situation that allows a person to ignore or minimize the damaging effects of their behaviour - reduces moral conflict.
72
What is the agentic shift?
A mental transition an individual makes when they shift from an autonomous state to agentic state when responding to a authority figure.
73
What was Milgram's experiments inspired by?
The trial of Adolf Eichmann for war crimes. He was in charge of the Nazi Death camps and he said that he was obeying orders.
74
What did Milgram propose about obedience to a destructive authority?
They obey the destructive authority as the person does not take responsibility for their actions as they believe that they are acting for or in place of another- agentic state.
75
What do individuals in the agentic state feel when they find what they are doing is wrong?
High anxiety and moral strain but feel powerless to stop.
76
Why does obedience to authority occur?
As they do not take responsibility for their actions.
77
How does a person stay in the agentic state?
Due to binding factors eg victim blaming.
78
What are the strengths for social psychological factor as and explaination for obedience?
-Research support
79
Why is research support a strength for social psychological factor as and explaination for obedience?
P:One strength is that the agentic stat has research support
E: Blass and Schmidt showed Milgram's study to students and asked who was responsible.
-The students said the experimenter as he said ' I am responsible for everything that happens to Mr Wallace'
E:This shows that they shifted the responsibility to the authority figure- making the ppts to act more easily as they were not responsible for their behaviour.
80
What are the limitations for social psychological factor as and explaination for obedience?
-limited explaination
-The obedience alibi
81
Why is limited explaination a limitation for social psychological factor as and explaination for obedience?
P: The agentic shift doesnt explain all
research findings.
E: eg. Rank and Jacobson found that nurses disobeyed a doctors order to give and excessive drug dose but the nurses remained autonomous and did not shift into the agentic state
E: The agentic state can only explain obedience in some situations.
82
What is Legitimacy of authority?
The perception that a person had the right to exercise power and demand obedience
82
Why is the obedience alibi a limitation for social psychological factor as and explaination for obedience?
P:There is research evidence to show that the Nazis behaviour can not be explained by the agentic shift/state.
E: Mandel reported that Men of Battalion 101 did not have direct orders to shoot a polish town but the preformed the behaviour autonomously.
E: Suggest that the agentic shift is not required for destructive behaviour.
83
What is destructive authority?
Misuse of power and leading to negative consequence for others.
84
What has history shown us in authority?
That problem arise when legitimate authority figures become destructive and use their power for harm.
84
Why does some people have more authority over others?
As it is agreed by society and some people are granted power to punish others/wrong doers.
85
What are the strengths to social psychological factor as and explaination for obedience?
-Cultural differences
-Real life crimes of obedience.
85
What is shown by the prods in Milgram's experiment?
Leaders can use their authority to make people behave in dangerous ways.
86
Why is real life crimes of obedience a strength for social psychological factor as and explaination for obedience?
P: Legitimacy of authority can help explain how obedience can lead to real life war crimes
E: Kelman and Hamilton say that the Lai Massacre can be understood in terms of the power hierarchy of the US
-504 civilians were killed/raped by American soldiers. They said they were only following orders and doing his duty.
E: Evidence in real world situations and respect to authority can lead to destructive obedience.
87
Why is cultural differences a strengths for social psychological factor as and explaination for obedience?
P:Ligitimacy of authority is useful account of cultural differences in obedience. Many studies show that countries differ in levels of obedience
E: Killham and Mann replicated Milgram's study in Australia only 16% of ppts went to 450v
E: Show that some cultrate authority is more likely to be accepted as legitimate and the sure of society to perceive authority figures is reflected in this explaination.
88
What is dispositional explainations?
Focus on internal factors like personality traits attitudes and beliefs to explain behaviour.
89
Define the authoritarian personality.
A construct characterised by a strong respect for authority, tendancy to be obedient and prefer heirarchal social structures.
90
What was Adornos aim for his study?
To investigate the causes of obedient personality.
91
What was Adornos procedure?
2000+ middle class white americans.
-tested their unconsious attitudes towards other racial groups using the fascism scale- measures authoritarian personality.
92
What was Adorno's findings?
He found that people with authoritarian personalities(high f scale) identified with strong people and disliked the weak.
-consious of status, ezessive respect to those of higher status.
-fixed and distinctive cagtigories of people.
strong positive correlation between authoriatian and prejudice.
93
What did Adorno conclude about authoritarian characteristics to authority?
They are obedient to authority and have extreme respect and subnissiveness to it.
94
What did Adorno conclude about authoritarian characteristics about status?
-Show a dislike for people with a 'inferior social status'
-believes that we need strong powerful leaders to sustain the values of the country.
95
What did Adornp conclude about authoritatian characteristics about their thinking?
They are inflexible in their perspective.
Black and white thining.
96
When did the authoritarian personality develop?
During childhood due to harsh parenting
97
What features of parenting creates the authoritarian personality in a child?
-strict discipline
-the expectation of absoloute loyalty
-impossible standards
-severe criticism of failing
-conditional love
98
How does the features of parenting create the authoritarian personality?
It creates resentment and hostility in the child.
-unable to express feelings due to fear of parents.
99
What is scapegoating?
Blaming another group/individual for negative events or emotions evne when they are no responsible.
100
What did scapegoating explain in the authoritarian personality?
The obedience to higher authority and dislike for socailly inferior people.
101
What are the strengths of dispositional explainations for explainations for obedience?
Research support.
102
Why is research support a strength for dispositional explainations for explainations for obedience?
P:There is evidence that supports the link between authoritairan personality and obedience.
E:Elms and MIlgram interviewed 20 obedience ppts from milgrams study(people who wante to 450V) - scored high on f scale.
-Obedient people shares characteristics of authoritarian personality- accuate link to obedience.
E:The f scale showed that ppts had unusual characteristics for auhtoritarians. eg did not experiance high levels of punishment in childhod- complex link and authoritaiansims many not be a useful predictor. But the questions are orderd in one direction so there could be aquiesence bias.
E:This means that Obedience is linked with the authoriarian personality which explains why people obey.
103
What are the limiations for dispositional explainations for dispositional explainations?
-limited explanation
-political bias
104
Why is limited explaination a limitation for the dispositional explainations?
P: One limitation is that authoritarianism can not be explain a whole country's behaviour. A whole country can not have had the exact same personality.
E: Germans identified with the Nazi state than everyone having the authoritarian personality. SLT as the beliefs and attitudes are strongly infleunced by groups we identify with.
E:Social identity theory may be better explaination for obedience than authoritarian personality.
105
Why is political bias a limitation for dispositional explainations for obedience?
P: The F scale is politically biased.
E:Christine and Jahoda said that the f scale aims to measure tendancy towards right wing.
but this is biased interpretation as extreme right and left have simularies- both dont emphasise the imporant of complete obedience to authority.
E: Adorno's theory is not comprehensive dispositional explaination that accounts for obedience to authoirty across the political spectrum.
106
How can you increase the validity of the Fscale test?
Some questions should be reversed as people with authariatran personality would agree with the questions.
107
Define resitance to social influence.
An individual's ability to withstand pressure to conform to the majority or obey authority figures.
108
What is social support?
The perception and reality of having a network of individuals who provide emotional, practical or informational assistance.
109
How does social support help people not comform?
The pressure to conform can be reduced if there are other people who are also not conforming.
110
What did Asch find out about social support helping people not to conform?
He found that the person dissenting dont have to have the right awnser but the fact they are not following the majority enables a person to have their own consious.
But if the the dissenting ppts starts confoming so will the naive ppts- not long lasting.
111
How does social support help people not obey?
They can help people resit the pressure to obey if another person is disobeying.
112
What did Milgram find out social suport helping people not obey?
He found that obedience leves dropped 10% if there was a disobeying participant
-May not follow the behaviour but acts a model for the particiapnts to act on their own consious.
113
What research support is there for resistance to confomity by the help of social support?
P:Research evidence supports the role of dissenting ppts in resisting conformity.
E: Allen and Levine found that conformity reduced when there was a dissenter.
the is occured when the dissenter wore thick glasses and bad vision.
E:Supports the view that social support can enable a person to resist social inflence and not based on what they say.
freeing from pressure of group.
114
What research support is there for reistance to obedience by the help of social support?
P: reserach in evidence of role of dissnting to resist obedience.
E:Gamson et all found high levels of resistance than MIlgram. Cocludend that the resaon was working in groups has social support, 88% rebelled
E: Support social support is linked to resistance o bedience.
115
Define locus of control.
The extent to which individuals believe they have control of over the events in their lives.
116
Who proposed the concept of locus of control?
Julian Rotter
117
What is internal locus of control?
Some people believe that the things that happen to them are largely controlled by themselves.
118
What is an example of internal locus of control?
If you work hard for an exam but you get a bad grade the individual would say you did not work hard.
119
What is external locus of control?
People have a tendency to believe that things happen without their own control. They are determined by external/outside forces.
120
What is an example of external locus of control?
If they did well in the exam they might say they had a good textbook or it was luck.
121
What is the link between people with an internal LOC and obedeince and conformity?
People with an internal LOC are more likely to resists confromity and obedience.
They will make their own desicions and resist pressures from others.
122
Do people with internal LOC take responsibility?
Yes, they take responsiblity for their actions whenever good or bad.
123
What do people with high internal LOC tend to be?
Thy tend to be more selfconfident and achievement orientated, have a higher intellegence and less need for social apporval.
124
What are the strengths for locus of control to resistance ot social influence?
-research support
125
Why is research support a strength for locus of control?
P:Research evidence between obedience and LOC
E: Holland repeated MIlgram's study but measured their LOC. 37% of internals did not continue to the 450V but 23% of externals resisted. This shows that people who have internal LOC are more resistant to obedience.
E: This supports the research support as the increase the validity of LOC explaination and more credibel as an explanation for SI.
126
What are the limitations of LOC to resistance to social influence?
-contradictory research
127
Why is contradictory research limitation of LOC?
P:Resarch in to LOC does not all support the link with SI and LOC
E: Twenge et al analysed data from LOC studies over a 40 yr peroid. Data showed that over time we become more ristance to obedience but also external.
If reistance is linked to internal then we would think we would be more internal.
E: Weakness as it challanges the link berewwen LOc and increasing resistance behaviour.
128
Define Minority influence.
A form of social influence where a small group or individual successfully persuades a larger group to adopt their beliefs, attitudes and behaviours.
129
Define consistency.
The extent a persons beliefs becaome stable across different situations over time.
130
Define synchronic consistency.
Agreement and united from presented by members of a minorty.
131
Define dichronic consistency.
The consistency of a minority group mesage over time.
132
Define commitment.
A persons intention to maintain a certain behaviour or relationship often involving dedication and a sense of purpose.
133
Define flexibility.
The ability to adapt to embrace other perspectivesw despite difficult thoughts and feelings.
134
What does consistency make people do?
Other people will start to rethink their own views 'maybe theyve got a point'
134
What do minorities do to show commitment?
They would engage in exreme activities to draw attention at an inconvenience to the minorit which demonstrates commitment.
135
What does commitment make people think?
They would think 'they really believe in that they are saying '- argumentation principle
136
What is the argumetation principle?
An action preformed despite risks which amplifies their impact.
137
How do minorities do to show flexibility?
They need to be prepared to adapt their point of view and accept valid counter arguments.
138
What are the strengths of minority influence?
-research support consistency
-research support for depth of thought,
139
Why is research support for consistency a strength for minority influence?
P:Research support that demonstrates the importance of consistency.
E: Moscovici study showed that a consistsnt minority opinion had a greater effect on other people thn inconsistant.
Wood et al did a meta analysis of 100 simular studies found that consistant minorities were most influentual.
E:Consistancy of a big factor in minority influence.
140
Why is research support for depth of thought a strength for minority influence?
P:Research evidence to show that change to minority influence involves deep processing.
E:Martin et al gave participants a message on a viewpoint and measured support.
-one group herd from a minority
-another heard from a majority
ppts were exposed to a conflicitng view- attitudes measured and changed.
people were less willing to change when listening to a minority group than shared with majority.
E: Minority message was more deeply process + more effect
141
What are the limitations of minority influence?
Artificial tasks
142
Why is artificial task a limitation for minority influence?
P:Minority influence resesrch is that tasks are artificial
E: Research is removed from how minorities change behavior of majoriites IRL. In real life cases there are more important consequences.
E:Findings of minority infleunce research lack external validity and limited to represent real life situations.
143
Who carried out the blue green slide study?
Moscovici.
144
What was Moscovici's aim for the 'Calling a Blue Slide Green'?
To demomstrate whether a minoroty can influence a majority of nieve ppts and reverse the usual deiraction of social influnce.
To determine the conditions necessary for this to occur ,in partiular, the nessesity for the minority to be consisten in their opinions.
145
What was Moscovici's procedure?
-Ppts teted for colour blindness
-ALL FEMALE- more interested in colour
-32 groups of 6
-ppts randomly allocated into consistent , inconsisten and control
-each condition 6 pts were present at the same time
-4 naive ppts + 2 confederates
-ppts asked to discribe the colour of 36 slides- all blue but varied in brightness
146
What did the confederates do in the consistent condition?
describes all the 36 slides as green.
147
What did the confederates do in the inconsistent condition?
the confederates described 24/36 slides as green and the 12 slides blue.
148
What did the confederates do in the control condition?
there were no confederates.
149
What was measured in the Moscovici experiment?
Minorotiy influence was measured by the % of neaive patts that yeilded the confederates by calling the blue slide green.
150
What were the findings of the Moscovici experiment?
**Consistant**- 8.42% oif ppts awnsered green 32% conformed once
**inconsistant**- 1.2% of ppts awnserd green
**control**- 0.25% of ppts awnsered green
consistant shoed greates yeilding of minority influence
Moscovici did a follow up study an found that the experimental groups were more likely to report ambigous blue/green slides as green that the control.
151
What were the conclusions to Moscovici's calling a blue slide green?
The minorotiy have influence over the majority - more effective when consistant.
152
Define socialk influence.
How an individuals thoughts ,feelings and behaviours are affected buy the real or imagined presence of others.
153
Define social change
The transformations of society['s norms, beliefs and behaviours over time.
154
What is the argumentation principle.
The tendency to attirbute greater importance or wight to a cause when it has overcome obstacles or constraints.
155
What is hte snowball effect?
Describes how a small initial event esclate can esclate into a larger more significant issue.
156
Describe cryptoamnisia.
A phenomeon which a change in social norms or attitudes occurs the original source is forgotten.
157
Define gradual commitment.
The tendancy to agree to increasingly significant requests after initally complying with a smaller' harmless one'.
158
What is the research support for NSI?
P:One strength is that there is support for NSI for social change
E: Nolan et al hunge messages on houses 'most residents are trying to reducce energy usage'
-significant decreases in energy use compared to the control(no reference to other peoples beahvour in message)
E:Shows that conformity can leas to social change though NSI.
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What is the counter argument to NSI for social change?
Foxcroft et al reviewed 70 studies of programmes using social norms to reduce alcohol intake. Small effect on drnking quantity- no effect on drinking frequency.
shows NSI dos not always produce long term social change.
160
what are the limitations to social change?
role of seeper processing?
161
Why is the role of deeper processing a limitation for social change?
P:Tha deeper processing may apply to majority influence than minority influence.
E:Mackie beleives that majoirty I creases deeper processing as we think other thinks the same.
E: central elemet of minoroty influence has been challanged- creates doubt on the validity as an explaination of social change.
162
Psycology
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