1
Q
What is Interactional Synchrony?
A
Care giver and baby reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a coordinated way.
2
Q
What is an attachment?
A
A strong reciprocal, emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver.
3
Q
How can we recognise an attachment?
A
Proximity
separation anxiety
secure base behaviour
4
Q
What is Feldman’s definitions of interactional synchrony?
A
‘the temporal co ordination of micro level social behaviour’
5
Q
What did Meltzoff and Moore observe?
A
The beginning of interactional synchrony in 2 week olds.
6
Q
What did Isabella et al find?
A
Observed 30 mothers and infants their interactional synchrony and quality of mother infant attachment. They found that high levels of synchrony is associated with better quality mother infant attachement.
7
Q
Why is interactional synchrony important?
A
It is important for the development of caregiver- infant attachment. As high levels of synchrony is associated with better quality mother baby attachment
8
Q
What do alert phases do?
A
They signal that they are ready for a spell of interaction (eg eye contact)
9
Q
What is Reciprocity?
A
A description of how two people interact. Caregiver- infant interactions is reciprocal in that both responds to each others signals and elicits a response
10
Q
What is the fraction which parents respond to their babys alertness?
A
2/3 of the time but can vary on the kill of the mother and eternal factors.
11
Q
What happens to the interaction between adult and infant around 3 months
A
The interaction becomes more frequent and the mother and baby pay close attention to each others verbal signals and facial expressions.
12
Q
Who described the interaction as a couples dance?
A
T. Berry Brazelton et al.
13
Q
Why when observing infants its hard to know what it happening a limitation for caregiver/infant interactions?
A
As many studies have show the same pattern interactions between mothers and infants. But what has been observed was facial expressions and hand movements. It is hard to make sure what these mean from the babies perspective. Is the imitation conscious and deliberate? We do not know if the interactions have a special meaning
14
Q
Why is that no knowing the cause for interactional synchrony etc a limitation for caregiver/infant interactions?
A
Feldman tells us that observations can not tell us the purpose. But there is evidence that these interactions are important in the development of attachment and helpful in stress reposes, empathy and moral development.
15
Q
Why is that controlled observations are able to capture fine detail a strength?
A
Since the mother and infant are filmed from many angles. The babies are unaware they are being watched while in a artificial setting they produce demand characteristic. as this produces good validity.
16
Q
What is a primary attachment?
A
The person who has formed the closest bond with a child.
17
Q
What is a secondary attachment?
A
People with whom the child develop a close attachment relationship , known by their primary attachment figures.
18
Q
When can a baby form secondary attachments?
A
At 18 months old.
19
Q
Is the father more likely to become the primary or secondary attachment?
A
The secondary attachment. Around 75% form an attachment during this time.
20
Q
What did Shaffer and Emerson observe when investigating the role of the father?
A
Most babies attached to their mother at the age of 7 months and only 3% of case the father was the first attachment. And 27% of case the father and mother had a joint attachment.
21
Q
What role does the father have in the child’s development?
A
He has a role in play and stimulation with the child as the quality of the play was related to the quality of adolescent attachments.
22
Q
How do fathers become the primary attachment figure?
A
They take on behaviours of the typical mother. For example the primary caregiver spends more time smiling, imitating and holding infants which is important in building an attachment.
23
Q
Why is the confusion over research questions a limitation for role of the father?
A
Some psychologists investigate the role of the father as secondary attachment figures- role is to play while other research as their role as primary attachment figures - take on maternal role.
With the confusion we cannot accurately explain what the role of the father is.
24
Q
Why is conflicting evidence a limitation for the role of the father?
A
As this shows that children without fathers aren’t any different. Children in same sex/single mother families do not develop differently in heterosexual families. Which suggests that the fathers secondary attachment role is not important. Parents just need to meet the children’s needs.
25
Counter evidence for conflicting evidence as a limitation for the role of the father?
Fathers tend to adopt a distinctive role while single mothers/same sex families adapt to accommodate the role played by the father.
26
Why dont fathers generally become primary attachments?
Could be due to biology or socialisation. Stereotypical roles portray women to be nurturing which could tell the men that dont have to act like that. Or that oestrogen creates high levels of nurturing which makes women biologically the primary attachment figure
Supports that mothers and fathers have different roles.
27
KEY STUDY: What was Schaffer and Emerson's Aim for their experiment?
To investigate the formation of early attachments, specifically the age at which they develop, their emotional intensity and to whom they were directed.
28
KEY STUDY: What was Schaffer and Emerson's Method?
Sample was 60 babies- 31 male and 29 female
ALL from GLASGLOW
Babies and mothers visited at home every month for a year then again aged 18 months
Asked the mothers questions to asses the infants attachment(separation and stranger anxiety)
29
KEY STUDY: What was Schaffer and Emerson's findings?
-50% of babies showed separation anxiety 25-32 weeks old- specific attachment.
-Attachment is with care giver who is most sensitive to babies signals are not always the ones they spend most time with.
-By 40 weeks 80% of babies had a specific attachment and 30% showed multiple attachments
-75% of babies had reached secondary attachments by 18 months
30
KEY STUDY: What conclusion did Schaffer and Emerson come to?
- When the Babies age change attachment behaviours change
-They have to form a attachment with one caregiver to form multiple attachments.
-The person who responds to the baby most has the most emotionally intense relationship with them.
-Most times the mother is the primary caregiver.
31
KEY STUDY: Why is good external validity a strength for Schaffer and Emerson's study?
The study was observed in the families home and recorded when the parents were doing doing regular activates- then reported to researchers.
-babies were not affected by observers( normal behaviour)
32
KEY STUDY: Why is a longitudinal design a strength for the Schaffer and Emerson study?
The same children were observed regularly
So it has a internal validity as they do not have confounding variables(participant variables)
33
KEY STUDY: How would you shorten the observation time?
The quicker alternative observe different children at each age ( cross sectional design)
34
KEY STUDY: Why is limited sample characteristics a limitation for schaffer and emerson?
Due to the sample size of 60 babies were all from GLASGLOW and social class.
-Study taken 50 years ago.
-Child attachment/caregiving different from culture and history.
-NOT GENERALISABLE.
35
Define stages of attachment.
The developmental stages in which infants form attachments to their primary caregivers.
36
What is the asocial stage?(6)
**STAGE ONE**-0-8 weeks
-Behaviour between humans and non humans objects are quite similar
-recognise specific faces
-Happier in presence of humans than when alone
-Preference for familiar individuals
-prefer faces to non faces
-smile at anyone
37
What is Indiscriminate attachment?
**STAGE TWO**-2-7 months
-Recognise and prefer familiar faces
-Smile more at familiar faces than unfamiliar faces
-Preference for people than inanimate objects
-Accept comfort from any adult.
38
What is the Specific attachment?
**STAGE THREE** -7 months
-Shows stranger anxiety
-Show separation anxiety
-Primary attachment to one particular individual(person who is most sensitive to their signals)
-Use familiar adults as secure base
39
What is Multiple attachments?
**STAGE FOUR** -10 months
-Forms secondary attachments with familiar adults with whom they spend time with.
40
What are the limitations with Schaffer's stages of attachment?
-problems with studying asocial stage
-conflicting evidence on multiple attachments
-measuring multiple attachments
41
Why is problems with studying the asocial stage a limitation for schaffer and emerson?
0-8 week year olds are immobile which makes it hard to make inference on their observation.
As the infants cognitions and feelings aren't highly social so the evidence is not reliable- less valid.
42
Why is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments a limitation for schaffer and emerson?
There is disagreements when children make multiple attachments. Some research shows that most infants form an attachment to a primary caregiver before multiple attachments. While others show that babies form multiple attachments from the start. Where multiple caregivers is the norm- collectivist cultures.
Stages are not universal to how attachments develop.
43
Why is measuring multiple attachments a limitation for schaffer and emerson?
How multiple attachments are assessed is a problem.
When a individual leaves the baby will be distressed does not mean it is the true attachment figure. Bowley says that children have playmates too and may become distress when they leave but doesn't mean they are attached.
Observation does not help us distinguish between attachment figures and playmates.
44
Define animal studies.
Studies carried out on non human animals species than humans, either for practical or ethical reasons,
45
What is imprinting?
A phenomenon within animals studies where they form an extremely close + dependant bonds with the first animals they see after being born.
46
What is sexual imprinting?
A form of learned make preference for a trait that an individual has observed in its population.
47
KEY STUDY: What was Lorenz's method of imprinting?
Lorenz divided a large amount of goose eggs. Half into a incubator and hatched infront of Lorenz and Half hatched infront of its mother
48
KEY STUDY: What did Lorenz's findings?
The eggs which hatched infront of Lorenz followed him everywhere while the control group followed the mother.
49
KEY STUDY: How do humans form an opinion on what a desirable mate is?
It is based on who imprinted on them as a child.
50
KEY STUDY: What did Lorenz preform see to figure out sexual imprinting?
He saw a peacock in a reptile house and the first moving object they saw after was a tortoise . As an adult the bird would only direct court ship towards tortoises.
51
KEY STUDY: Why is there an issue generalising Lorenz's research to humans a limitation?
Attachment system between birds and humans is different. Mammalian mothers show emotional bonds with infants and can form an attachment anytime. So it is not good to generalise to humans.
52
KEY STUDY: Why is that some of Lorenz's observations have been questioned a limitation?
The idea that imprinting is permeant. Guiton et al found that chickens imprinted on washing up gloves and tried to mate with them but learned to prefer to mate with other chickens.
53
What is contact comfort?
The sense of ease that an infant experiences when they are in physical contact with their mother or parental figure.
54
KEY STUDY: What was Harlow's aim ?
Is food or love more important for attachment?
55
KEY STUDY: What was Harlow's procudure?
He used 16 baby monkeys with 2 wire model 'mothers'.One condition is a bare wire mother with a milk sucker while condition 2 has a soft cloth.
56
KEY STUDY: What did Harlow Find?
The baby monkeys sought comfort from the cloth monkey regardless which had milk.
57
KEY STUDY: What did Harlow find out about maternally deprived moneys as adults?
It was a permeant effect. The monkeys only exposed to the wire mother were dysfunctional.
While ones with the cloth did not socially develop- antisocial and aggressive. They also bred less.
58
KEY STUDY: What happened to maternally deprived monkeys as mothers?
They would neglect their young/ attack them kill them.
59
What is the critical period of normal development for monkeys?
90 days. A monkey has to be introduced to a mother figure if after the damage will be irreversible.
60
Why is theoretical value for Harlow's research a streangth?
-helped psychologists understand mother infant attachment.
-Showed us how important early relationships are for later adult relationships and child rearing .
61
Why is practical value a strength for Harlow's research?
-Social work- risk factors in neglect and abuse
-captive monkeys- zoo breeding programs
62
Why is ethical issues a limitation for Harlow's research?
-monkeys suffered
-wouldn't be allowed today
63
Can Harlow's findings be applied to humans?
Monkeys are similar to humans as we are both primates but psychologically we are different as our brains are larger and more complex.
64
How can classical conditioning explain attachment?
By associating food with the caregiver.
65
How can operant conditioning explain attachment?
When a baby cries the mother comforts the baby which reinforces crying(POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT) Comforting stops crying (something unpleasant) which is reinforcing(NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT).
Mutual reinforcement reinforces bond.
66
What is the primary drive?
Innate biological motivator.
67
What is a secondary drive?
Those learned through conditioning or association with a primary drive.
68
What is drive reduction?
A theory of learning in which the goal motivated behaviour is a reduction of a drive state.
69
How does a baby enter a drive state?
When the infant is hungry and then feel uncomfortable.
70
What does the drive motivate the baby to do?
It motivates the baby to find aa wat to lessen the discomfort of being hungry.
71
How does food become a primary reinforcer?
After being rewarded by food.
72
How does a person become the secondary reinforcer?
The baby associates the person who supplies the food and food.
73
Why is counter evidence from animal research a limitation for the learning theory?(4)
-Animals are not always attach to those who feed them.
-Lorenz's imprinting
-Harlow's monkeys
-Learning theorists believe that humans and animals are the same in how they learn.
74
What counter evidence for human research are there for the learning theory?(2)
-Schaffer +Emerson study shows that babies attached to their primary caregiver even if other people fed them.
-Shows that feeding is not the key element to attachment.
75
Why is ignoring other facts associated with forming attachments a limitation for the learning theory?
-Ignores reciprocity and interactional synchrony- Best quality caregivers are one who pick up on signals from infants and respond
-The learning theory shows that there is not purpose from complex interactions- no relationship
76
What is monotropy?
A child that has an innate need to attach to one main attachment figure.
77
What are social releasers?
Behaviours that babies are biologically programmed to do which attract the attention of caregivers. Eg smiling and cooing
78
What is the internal working model?
A mental representation of our relationship with our primary caregiver
79
What is the critical period?
A time within which an attachment must form if it is formed at all.-2 years
80
What is Bowlby's Law of continuity?
A more constant and predicable care equals a better attachment.
81
What is Bowlby's Law of accumulated separation?
Every separation from the mother adds up.
'the safest dose is therefore a zero does'
82
What is the purpose of social releasers?
To encourage attention from the caregiver and activate the adult attachment system.
83
What happens if an attachment is not formed within the 2 years?
It will be harder to form attachments in the future.
84
How can the internal working model effect parenting?
They base their own experiences on their parenting style.
85
What can a good first attachment lead to in relationships?
A loving reliable relationship
86
What can a bad first attachment lead to in relationships?
They expect poor treatment or they treat other poorly.
87
Why is mixed evidence for monotropy a limitation for Bowlby's theory?
-Lacks validity
-Schaffer and Emerson found that babies form 1 attachment before multiple.
-Suess et al found that the first attachment is not unique and its stronger but not qualitatively different from others.
88
What support is there for social releasers?
Brazelton et al instructed the parent to ignore the babies social releasers but the babies became distressed. This shows that social releasers have a role in emotional development and process of attachment.
89
What support is there for internal working models?
P:Support of IWM
E:Bailey et al studied 99 mothers and their relationship with their 1 year old.
+ measured mothers attachment to their own mother.
Findings: If mother had a poor connection with their mothers they would would with their baby.
E:Mother infant attachment is influence by monotropic theory.
90
Why is temperament as important as attachment?
P:Temperment may be as important as attachement
E: Some babies are more anxious than others due to genetics. Explains social behaviour than attachment.
E:Temperment researchers think that Bowlby over emphasies on importance of attachment.
91
What is the strange situation?
A controlled observation designed to test attachment security.
92
What proximity seeking?
Behaviour to restore closeness when a infant is separated with their attachment figure.
93
What is stranger anxiety?
A display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
94
What is separation anxiety?
A protest at separation from caregiver.
95
What is exploration and secure base behaviour?
Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base.
96
What is reunion behaviour?
Behaviour once reunited with their caregiver.
97
What is the aim of the strange situation?
To observe key attachment behaviors as means of assessing the quality of a childs attachment to a caregiver.
98
What are the findings of the strange situation?
80/75% was secure attachement
20/25% was insecure avoidant
3% was insecure resistant.
99
What was the procedure of the ainsworth experiment?
1. The child explores
2.A stranger enters and interacts with the child
3. The caregiver leaves the child and stranger together
4. The caregiver returns, and the stranger leaves
5. The caregiver leaves the child alone
6.stranger returns
7. Care giver and child reunited.
100
What is a secure attachment behaviour?
Explores happily but reguarly goes back to their caregiver. Shows moderate separation and stranger anxiety. Accepts comfort during reunion.
101
What is the insecure avoidant behaviour?
Explores freely and does not seek proximity. Show little to no reaction when the parent leaves or returns. Little stranger anxiety.
102
What is the insecure resistant behavior?
Seeks close proximity and explore less. Show light levels of separation and stranger anxiety.But resists comfort from caregiver when reunited.
103
How does a secure attachement form?
The caregiver provided stability and safety in moments of stress.
104
How does an insecure avoidant attachement form?
when a caregiver is unresponsive and insensitive. Could be a response from trauma.
105
How does a insecure resistant attachement form?
When the caregiver is inconsistent
106
What does the strange situation measure?
It measures a child's level of anxiety produced by being an unfamiliar environment.
107
Why is support for validity a strength for the strange situation?
P:It is predictive for later development.
E:Secure babies have sucess in shcool and better relationships in adulthood
Insecure resistant- bullying in childhood and mental health problems in adult hood
E:Evidnce for validity of the concept as it can explain subsequent outcomes.
108
What is the prediction for secure babies future development?
Success in school and better relationships in adult hood.
109
What is the prediction for insecure resistant babies future development?
Bullying in childhood and mental health problems in adulthood.
110
Why is good reliability a strength for the strange situation?
P: Good interrater reliability.
E: Different observers watching the same children draw the same conclusions.
-They have good behavioural categories that are easy to observe.
E:Can be replicated and does not depend on who is observing them
111
What did Bick et al learn?
He had a team of observers who found agreement on 94% of tested babies attachment type.
112
Why is the strange situation being culture bound a limitation?
P: Does not have the same meaning outside of western coutries
E:-Western culture bound.
-Culture differences in childhood experiences
-caregivers behave differently.
Takahashi-> Japanese mothers and babies are rarely separated - high levels of separation anxiety- mother rushed to baby so observation was difficult.
E:Can not be generalised to other cultures.
113
What did Takahashi find when he preformed the strange situation in Japan?
Japanese mothers and babies are rarely separated.
-Babies showed high levels of separation anxiety
-Mothers quickly rushed to the baby so observation was difficult.
114
What is the other attachment type?
Disorganised attachment. They display a mix of resistant and avoidant behaviour.
115
KEY STUDY: What was Van Ijzendoorns aim for his study?
To investigate the proportions of secure, avoidant and resistant attachments across a range of cultures.
116
KEY STUDY: What was Van Ijzendoorns procedure?
-They found 32 studies of attachment where the strange situation was used for investigating attachment.
-Conducted in 8 countries: 15 in USA
-Yielded results from 1990 children
-Meta analysed being combined and weighted for sample size.
117
KEY STUDY: What was Van Ijzendoorn's findings?
All countries secure attachment was most common.
75% in Britain
50% in CHina
Insecure resistant was least common,
3% in Britain
30% in Israel
Insecure was most common in Germany
Least common in Japan.
118
KEY STUDY: What was Van Ijzendoorns Conclusions?
Secure attachment is most common in a range of cultures and support Bowlby's theory- attachment is innate and universal
Cultural practices have influences on attachment.
119
KEY STUDY: Where did Simonella et all asses attachment types?
In Italy.
120
KEY STUDY: How many infants did Simonella et observe?
76, 12 month old babies
121
KEY STUDY: What did Simonella et al find?
50% were secure
36% were insecure
Lower rate of secure attachment than other studies as mother work longer hours
122
KEY STUDY: Where did Jin et al perform the strange experiment?
Korea
123
KEY STUDY: How many children did they observe?
87 children
124
KEY STUDY: What did Jin et al Find?
They found that most infants were secure but there were more resistant than avoidant attachment( similar rearing style to japans)
125
KEY STUDY:What was the conclusions of Jin et al's and Simonella et al's study?
Secure attachment is the most common over all cultures- support Bowlby's theory that attachment is innate and universal. But cultural practices do have an effect on attachement.
126
KEY STUDY: Who did Takahashi do his study on?
60 middle ages class Japanese infants.
127
KEY STUDY: What did Takahashi find?
68% were securely attached
0% were avoidant
32% were resistant
128
KEY STUDY: What ethical issues were they in Takahashis study?
90% of cases the infants because distressed when the mother left the experiment.
129
Why is the strange experiment lack validity?
Lack of population validity-used American infants and can not be generalised to the rest of the population
Ecological Validity- Experiment done in controlled conditions and may not be generalised in other situations.
130
How might there be demand characteristics be in the strange situation?
The mother might change their behaviour to be more attentive to their babies than regular.
131
Why is large sample size a advantage for culture variations in attachment?
Larger samples increases internal validity and reduces impacts of anomalous results by bad methodology and unusual participants.
(Van Ijzendoorn meta-analysed 2000 babies and their primary caregiver)
132
Why are unrepresentative samples of cultures a limitation of cultural variations?
-As they are comparisons of countries not culture- in a country they are many cultures
-Tokyo is similar to western countries while rural places has more insecure resistant attachments.
-Cultural characteristics need to specified.
133
Why is a biased method of assessment a limitation?
As It imposes a situation only for one culture.
Eg: Germans view lack of separation anxiety as independence which is not a sign of insecurity.
134
What is etic?
Cultural universals
135
What is Emic?
Cultural uniquness
136
What is imposed Etic in the strange situation?
When the strange situation is used to measure cultures while only designed for one.
137
What is another explanation for cultural simularity?
Cultural similarity is innate- Bowlby's theory.
OR
IT is due to mass media
138
What is Bowlby's Theory of maternal deprivation?
A maternal figure is essential for psychological development of babies.
139
What is Separation?
The physical removal of children from attachment figures.
140
What can extended separations lead to?
Deprivation
141
What is deprivation?
When a child loses and element of care or has prolonged separation from primary caregiver.
142
What can deprivation lead to?
Serious damage to emotional and intellectual development.
143
What is the critical period?
Th first 30 months of life which are critical for psychological development .
144
What happens if a child is separated to its mother and does not have a mother substitute during the critical period?
Then psychological damage is inevitable.
145
What did Goldfarb find out about children raised in institutions?
That they had lower IQ than those in foster care as they has a higher level of emotional care.
146
What is affectionless psychopathy?
An inability to show affection or concern for others.
147
What are the consequences of affectionless psychopathy?
Prevents the person from developing normal relationships and they lack remorse for their actions.
148
What is intellectual development?
The growth of a child's ability to think and reason.
149
What is emotional development?
The growth of a child's ability to perceive , acess and manage emotions.
150
What is the aim of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
A study to examine the link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation.
151
What was the procedure of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
44 juveniles were tested for: lack of -affection, empathy and guilt.
-Their families were interviewed if early separations occurred to the teenagers.
-This was compared to 44 non juveniles which were emotionally disturbed.
152
What were the findings of the 44 thieves study?
14/44 thieves were psychopathic
12/14 experienced deprivation maternally
5/30 experienced separation
2/44 non thieves experienced long separation.
153
What were the conclusions of the 44 thieves study?
Early Separation caused affectionless psychopathy.
154
Why is poor evidence a limitation for Bowlby's maternal deprivation theory?
P: Bowlby conducted his studies on children in poor quality orphanages which confounding variables could influence.
E: -Orphans could have been traumatized/poor care -difficulties in alter development.
-44 thieves study had design flaws and bias
He carried out the study knowing what he hoped to find.
E:Show that the theory is invalid due to poor evidence to back it up.
155
Why is counter evidence a limitation for Bowlby's maternal deprivation theory?
Hilda Lewis replicated the 44 theives study but on a larger scale of 500 people.
-Separation did not cause/predict difficultly forming relationships and criminality.
Which suggests other factor may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation
156
Why is the critical period more of a sensitive period?
Damage is not inevitable if the child has good after care and social interaction.
-Jarmila Koluchova- Reported case study of Czech twins in a cupboard for 7 years but was looked after 2 loving adults and recovered fully.
shows sensitive not critical.
157
How can animal studies show effects of maternal deprivation?
-Harlow's Monkeys consequences
-Levy et al- separated baby rats for a day and had permeant effect on social development.
158
What is institutionalisation?
The effects of growing up in an orphanage or child home.
159
What are orphan studies?
Children places in care because their parent cannot look after them.
160
What is disinhibited attachment?
An attachment disorder in which a child has little to no fear of unfamiliar adults and may actively approach them.
161
What is mental retardation?
Neurodevelopment disorders characterised by having a blow IQ
162
What was Rutter's Aim?
To investigate if good care can make up for poor early attachments.
163
How many Romanian orphans did Rutter use?
165
164
What was Rutter's procedure?
He adopted 165 Romanian orphans and 52 British orphans He accessed the orphans for cognitive, physical and emotional development. at ages 4, 6,11,and 15
165
What did Rutter find?
He found that the orphans were malnourished and showed signs of mental retardation.
age 11-Showed different rates of recovery that were related to age of adoption.
Those adopted before 6 months had higher IQs than 6+ months who showed disinhibited attachment.
166
What were Rutter's conclusions?
Age of adoption influences whenever children can recover from early institutionalisation.
167
What was the aim of the Bucharest Early Intervention?
To acess the children who had spent most of their lives in institutional care.
168
What was the procedure of the Bucharest Early Intervention?
-95 Romanian orphans (Ages 12-31 months) compared with 50 children who have not been in an institution.
-Measured using strange situation.
-Carers were asked about unusual social behaviour.
169
What did they find about the Bucharest Early Intervention?
The control group- 74% were secure but 20% were disinhibited
Institution- 19% were secure but 44% were disinhibited.
170
What were the conclusion of the Bucharest Early Intervention?
Institutionalisation negatively effects the children attachment styles
171
Why did children develop disinhibited attachment?
To adapt to their circumstances. As children had up to 50 carers and none of them would stick long enough for the children to make a proper attachment.
172
Why is real life application a strength for the Romanian orphan studies?
As they enhanced our understanding of institutionalisation which improved the way children are cared for in institutions.
For example children having a key worker in day care.
173
Why is having fewer extraneous variables than other orphan studies a strength for Romanian orphan studies?
As the orphan only experienced trauma as a result of being institutionalised. So we can study the effects with no confounding variables which give the study higher internal validity.
174
Why is the Romanian orphanages not being typical a limitation?
Due to the terrible condition means that the findings are too extreme to be generalised to common situations.
175
What were the ethical issues for Romanian orphanage studies?
Rutter's study could not randomly allocate conditions while the Bucharest Early intervention project did randomly allocate if they went to foster care or institutional care. Confounding variable of children being chosen was removed.
176
Why were the long lasting effects not clear yet?
As the studies were conducted in 2011 and 2005 we dont know how long the negative effects lasted.- stopped at age 15.
Only till we make follow up studies we can not make definite conclusions.
177
What are childhood relationships?
Affiliations with other people in childhood, including friends and classmates and with adults such as teachers.
178
What are adult relationships?
Friendships and working relationships but most critically relationships with romantic partners and their own children.
179
What did Myron-Wilson and Smith do?
They assessed the relationship between bullying involvement and attachment type.
180
How did Myron-Wilson and Smith carry out their experiment?
They observed data from a standardized questionnaire done by 196 children ages 7-11 from London.
181
What did Myron-Wilson and Smith find?
They found bullying behaviour can be predicted by attachment.
Secure children were unlikely to be involved in bullying.
Insecure avoidant were the victims and insecure-resistant were the bullies.
182
What did McCarthy find out about adult friendship and romantic relationships relating to attachment?
**Securely attached** infants had the best adult friendship and romantic relationships
**Insecure-resistant** had trouble maintaining adult friendships
**Insecure-avoidant** struggled with intimacy in adult romantic relationships.
183
What did Hazan & Shaver do?
They conducted a study on the association between attachment and adult relationships. They analysed 620 replies to love quiz in an american newspaper
184
What were Hazan and Shaver's findings?
**56%** were identified as securely attached with good and long lasting relationships
**25%** were identified as insecure avoidant with jealousy and a fear of intimacy
**19%** were identified as insecure resistant and tended to be clingy and argumentative
185
What are the limitations of the research of the influence of early attachments on relationships?
Evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed
-Most studies have issue of validity
-association does not mean causality
186
Why is evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed a limitation for research on the influence of early attachment on relationships?
P:Internal working models predict continuity between the security of and infants attachment and later relation ship but evidence is mixed.
E: Attachment types in infancy characterise the persons later relationships may not always be true
E:Zimmerman assessed infant attachment type and later attachment to parent but there was little relationship between attachments at both times.
E: Isn't what we expect shows that internal working models arnt as important
187
Why is that most studies have validity issue a limitation for research on early attachments on relationships?
P:Most studies with attachment to a primary caregiver are conducted using the strange situation but questionnaires/interviews
E:Hazan and Shaver used questionnaires to test attachment types
E: This is invalid as it relies on self report there could be social desirability bias and dont capture the complexity of a attachment.
188
Why is association not meaning causality a limitation for the research on early attachments on relationships?
P:Infant attachment type is associated with the quality of later relationships which implies that attachment type causes the attachment. Alternative explaination between continuity between infant and later relationships
E:Parenting style and child temperament
-**The easy child** has a positive mood and adapts to new experiance
**The difficult child** tends to react negatively and cry frequently and slow to accept new experiances
**The slow to warm up child** has a low activity level and shows low adaptability and low mood.
E: Not always about attachment types causing later relationships but genetic factors too.
Psycology
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