Biology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

The energy stored in chemical bonds in almost all organism ultimately comes from the…

A

Sun

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2
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6H2O+ solar energy —- C6H12O6+O2

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3
Q

Organic

A

Relating to or denoting compounds containing carbon

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4
Q

Inorganic

A

Relating to or denoting compounds which are not organic

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5
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

A chemical compound that typically lacks C-H bonds,

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6
Q

What is an examples of an inorganic compound contains carbon

A

Carbon dioxide

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7
Q

Carbon fixation

A

Conversion process by which inorganic carbon (such as CO2) is converted to organic compounds by living organism

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8
Q

Photosynthesis

A

An anabolic process that converts light energy to chemical energy stored in C-C and C-H bonds of carbohydrates

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9
Q

Anoyygenic photosynthesis

A

Refers to any process or reaction that does not produce oxygen. Used by some prokaryotes, reducing agen is hydrogen sulfide instead of H2O, and by product is sulfur instead of O2

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10
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Referring to any process or reaction that produces oxygen. Used by plants, green algae and some prokaryotes. H2O supplies the electrons needed to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates. Produces the mast majority of organic carbon used by life on earth. Replenishing O2 in the atmosphere

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11
Q

Photosynthesis, like cellular respiration is a

A

Redox process

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12
Q

What is the electron carrier in photosynthesis?

A

NADH+

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13
Q

H2O becomes —- when it’s get turned into O2

A

Oxidaized

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14
Q

CO2 is —- when it becomes glucose

A

Reduced

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15
Q

What are the two main pathways of photosynthesis?

A

Light-dependent and Carbon-fixation reactions (light independent)

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16
Q

Light dependent reactions occur where?

A

Thylakoids of chloroplasts

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17
Q

Light dependent reaction requires —- to —-

A

Protons to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

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18
Q

The carbon-fixation reaction occurs where?

A

Stroma of chloroplast

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19
Q

The Carbon-fixation reaction does what?

A

Reduces CO2 and makes carbohydrates

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20
Q

Carbon-fixation reactions required what?

A

ATP and NADPH is the light-dependent reactions

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21
Q

Light

A

Form of electron magnetic radiation (disseminated as waves, behaves as particles called photons)

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22
Q

Photons

A

Particles of light described as packets of energy; no mass

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23
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between successive peaks of a wave train, such as electromagnetic radiation; shorter the wavelength, greater the energy

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24
Q

A photon with a molecule can do what?

A

Bounce, pass, or be absorbed

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25
In photosynthesis the energy of photons is —-
Absorbed
26
What happened when a molecule absorbs photon energy?
It increases the energy and it boosts one of the electrons from a ground state into a shell farther from the atom’s nucleus. This is an excited states when the electron is now help less firmly to the molecule is less stable and more reactive
27
Specific receptive molecules absorbs —- wavelengths of light, those photos have specific amount of energy where does the energy go?
The energy is harvested for biological processes
28
White light
All wavelengths of visible of light
29
Pigment
A substance that absorbs visible light
30
What are the the major classes in the plant leaves?
Chlorophylls and carotenoids
31
Chlorophylls
Absorb in the blue and red regions of the spectrum; reflect and transmit green light; chlorophyll *a*: major pigment used to drive light-dependent reactions
32
Carotenoids
Absorb in the blue and green regions of the spectrum; reflect and transmit,it yellow, orange and red
33
Wavelengths at which chlorophyll *a* absorbs the most light =
Wavelength at which photosynthesis is highest
34
Photosystem
A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast Consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded of light-harvesting complexes There are 2 different types and they absorb light best at different wavelengths
35
Light-harvesting complex
Antenna system, a complex of proteins associated with pigments molecules such chlorophyll *a*, chlorophyll *b* and carotenoids
36
Reaction center
A complex of proteins associated with a specifically pair of chlorophyll *a* molecules and a primary electron acceptor. This triggers the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis more*****5
37
Photosystems are located in…
Thylakoid membrane
38
Photosystem II
Reaction-center chlorophyll *a* is known as P680 because this pigment is best at absorbing light having a wavelength of 680nm
39
Photosystem I
Reaction-center chlorophyll *a* is known as P700 because this pigment is best at absorbing light having a wavelength of 700nm
40
What is the order of photosystems and why?
Photosystem II and Photosystem I, they are named in the order of discovery PS II functions first
41
What is the reaction center in photosystem II
A pair of P680 chlorophyll a molecules
42
When electron is transfer in photosystem II where does it get a replacement electron?
When it oxidizes water for the electron
43
What is the strongest biological oxidizing agent known?
P680+
44
How is the PS II transferred to PS1?
ETC, the Exergonic fall of electrons to lower levels provides energy for the synthesis of ATP
45
What is the reaction center in PS I?
P700
46
Where does PS I get the replacement electron?
It accepts the electron that reaches the bottom of the ETC from PS II
47
When the electron get boosted up in PS I, where does it go after? What does it make?
It goes down a second proton gradient, redox reaction, doesn’t produces proton gradient so no ATP to be added to NADP+ to make NADPH
48
The electron from
49
The light reaction uses solar energy to generate —- and ——
ATP & NADPH
50
What does ATP provide for photosynthesis?
Chemical energy
51
What does NADPH provide in photosynthesis?
Provide reducing power
52
The power for ATP and NADPH does what in Calvin cycle?
they power the carbohydrate synthesizing reaction in the Calvin cycle
53
What is noncyclic electron transport? When does it occur?
Energy transformation is a flow of electron through the photosystem. Light dependent reactions
54
What is the linear electron flow?
Straight line, light-dependent reactions
55
Cyclic electron transport does what? What is it?
Produce ATP, not NADPH OR O2, cycle in PS I
56
The ATP formation in photosynthesis
Photophosphorylation
57
Similarity of photphosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
A membrane associated ETC Creation of a proton gradient Harvesting energy of the proton gradient to produce ATP
58
Difference: photophophorylation Ultimate energy source Source of electrons Direction of proton pumping Movement of proton during ATP synthesis Final electron acceptor
Light of the sun H2O Thylakoid space Out of the thylakoid space NADP+
59
Difference: oxidative phosphorylation Ultimate energy source Source of electrons Direction of proton pumping Movement of proton during ATP synthesis Final electron acceptor
Electron produce from the oxidation of biological molecule NADH/FADH2 Outside the mitochondrial matrix Into the mitochondrial matrix O2
60
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
Stroma
61
What is the light independent reaction dependent on?
ATP and NADPH
62
How many times does it take to turn CO2 into G3P?
Three turns of the Calvin cycle
63
What are the three phases of Calvin cycle?
Carbon fixation, reduction and regeneration
64
What does carbon fixation do?
Fixing CO2 into organic material
65
CO2 + RuBP =
2 molecules of 3PG
66
What is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between co2 and RuBP
Rubisco
67
Why is rubisco so important?
Most abundant enzyme on earth Slow enzyme (3 per second) Fundamental to life
68
What is required to make 3PG to G3P?
ATP - to add a phosphate group to 3PG and NADPH - donates 2- electrons to make G3P
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