Chapter 19

Question 1

All biological populations change in their …..

Answer 1

genetic makeup over time

Question 2

define - evolution

Answer 2

change in the genetic composition of the population over time

Question 3

Evolutionary change is observed regularly both in

Answer 3

laboratory experiments and in natural populations

Question 4

The effect of genetic change on the ….. of the organism is seen

Answer 4

form and function

Question 5

Underlying changes in the genetic makeup of the population drive the ….

Answer 5

The origin and extinction of species fuel the diversification of life

Question 6

define - vertical evolution

Answer 6

a type of evolution in which genetic change occurs in a series of related species that form a lineage (family tree)

Question 7

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 7

a process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism
- may occur in bacteria

Question 8

The concept of evolution demonstrates both….

Answer 8

unity and diversity in life on earth

Question 9

Unity in biology

Answer 9

All modern forms of life have evolved from a population of pre-existing organisms that share a common ancestry

Question 10

What are the two things that suggest that all forms of life on Earth are related?

Answer 10

• All forms of life on earth share fundamental biological mechanisms (DNA structure, cellular processes)
• All forms of life on earth share common characteristics (reproduction, homeostasis, metabolism)

Question 11

The power of evolution as a unity theory is its ability to explain and connect ……

Answer 11

a vast array of observations about the living world.

Question 12

Diversity in biology

Answer 12

All living organisms exhibit a wide range of adaptation and variation across different species due to the process of natural selection responding to different environments over time

Question 13

The range of adaptation and variations is due to what?

Answer 13

The process of natural selection responding to different environments over time

Question 14

What are the two ways evolution can be defined?

Answer 14

Broad definition
narrow definition

Question 15

Broad Definition

Answer 15

(Phenotypical) descent with modification: Earth’s many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day species
- Its underlying mechanism is natural selection

Question 16

Narrow defintion

Answer 16

change in the genetic composition of a population over time (from Generation to generation)
- These genetic changes drive the origin and extinction of species and the diversification of life

Question 17

Evolution can be viewed in two related but different ways. What are they?

Answer 17

pattern of evolution
the process of evolution

Question 18

pattern of evolution

Answer 18

revealed by data (these are facts and observations) about the natural world

Question 19

process of evolution

Answer 19

consist of the mechanisms that produce the observed pattern of change; these mechanisms represent natural causes of the natural phenomena we observe

Question 20

evolution is both…

Answer 20

a fact: organisms have changed over time
a theory - a well-substantiated explanation of how and why evolution occurs

Question 21

evolutionary theory?

Answer 21

Life on earth has changed and diversified over time through the process of natural selection, where advantageous traits become more common in populations

Question 22

What are the applications of evolutionary theories?

Answer 22

-study and treatment of diseases
-developing better ag crops and industrial processes
-Understanding the diversification of life and how species interact
allow prediction about the biological world

Question 23

The evolutionary theory is not a single hypothesis, it’s….

Answer 23

A vast array of geological, morphological, and molecular data all support the factual basis of evolution

Question 24

Charles Darwin came up with

Answer 24

The mechanism of natural selection

Question 25

Where did Charles Darwin go to do his research?

Answer 25

Galapagos Islands

Question 26

What are Darwin's four postulates?

Answer 26

1) The individual organisms that make up a population vary in the traits they possess 2) Some of the trait differences can be passed on to offspring genetically 3) Many more offspring are produced than can survive 4) the subset of individuals that survive best. and produce the most offspring is not a random sample of the population

Question 27

What three propositions were based on Darwin's theory of evolutionary change?

Answer 27

1) species change over time 2). descents with modification: divergent species share a common ancestor, and they have gotten more different throughout time (keep the stuff that works and modify anything that doesn't) 3) natural selection - the different survival and reproduction of individual is based on variation in their traits

Question 28

What is the thing Charles Darwin is most known for?

Answer 28

Natural selection

Question 29

Natural selection is the mechanism that.....

Answer 29

explains descents with modification

Question 30

Artificial selection is

Answer 30

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the "occurrence" of "desirable" traits

Question 31

Natural selection is

Answer 31

The mechanism of evolution

Question 32

The definition of Natural Selection is

Answer 32

The process by which individuals who have certain heritable traits are best suited to their environment, survive, and reproduce at a higher rate than individuals without those traits

Question 33

The environment acts as the

Answer 33

selective agent

Question 34

the environment determines ...

Answer 34

natural selection

Question 35

natural selection creates ...

Answer 35

evolution

Question 36

Natural selection key points -

Answer 36

1) Natural selection can amplify or diminish only those heritable traits that differ among individuals in a population 2) is a process of editing; it is not a creative mechanism 3) depends on time and place, and favors those characteristics that provide an advantage in the current environment 4) Evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variations lead to differential reproductive success

Question 37

In a general sense evolution means _____ In a biology, evolution refers specifically to ______

Answer 37

-change -change in the genetic makeup of populations over time

Question 38

population

Answer 38

a group of individuals of a single species that live and interbreed in a particular geographical area

Question 39

individuals do not evolve, _____

Answer 39

populations evolve over time

Question 40

mutations

Answer 40

a heritable change in the genetic material (nucleotide base sequence is changed permanently) that can be passed from cell to cell from parent to offspring

Question 41

What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?

Answer 41

mutations

Question 42

mutations are

Answer 42

random

Question 43

Natural selection is

Answer 43

not random

Question 44

Genetic variants that aid survival and reproduction are more likely to.....

Answer 44

become common than variants that don't aid survival and reproduction

Question 45

gene pool

Answer 45

the sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population; ot is the sum of the genetic variation in the population

Question 46

allele frequency

Answer 46

the proportion of each allele in the gene pool

Question 47

genotype frequency

Answer 47

the proportion of each genotype in the gene pool

Question 48

adaptation

Answer 48

a particular structure, physiological process, or behavior that makes an organism better able to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Question 49

biological fitness

Answer 49

reflects an organism's overall ability, due to its inherited traits, to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment, relative to the ability of other individuals in that population

Question 50

reproductive success

Answer 50

a measure of an organism's ability to contribute to the next generation's gene pool through surviving offspring

Question 51

microevolution

Answer 51

evolutionary changes below the species level; affects allele frequencies

Question 52

macroevolution

Answer 52

evolutionary changes above the species level; occur over long time spans and usually involve changes in traits