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Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Five principles of metabolic pathways

A

Complex transformations occur in a series of separate reactions
Each reactions is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
Many metabolic pathway are similar in all organisms
In eukaryotes, metabolic pathways are compartmentalized in specific
Key enzymes can be inhibited or activated to alter the rate of the pathway

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2
Q

Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic process that happens either way before cellular respiration and fermentation

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3
Q

How do the catabolic pathways that decompose glucose yield energy?

A

Electrons are transferred during the chemical reactions of the pathways. The relocation of electrons released energy stored in glucose. This energy ultimately is used to synthesize ATP

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4
Q

Cell obtain energy from glucose by the chemical process of ….

A

Oxidation

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5
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —- 6CO2 + 6H2O + free energy

A

Change of free energy = -686 kcal/mol free energy released, highly Exergonic, drives Endergonic formation of ATP

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6
Q

ADP + Pi + free energy —— ATP

A

Required energy

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7
Q

Electrons have —— when they are associated with less electronegative atoms (c-H)

A

More potential energy

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8
Q

Electrons have—— when they are associated with more electronegative atoms (O)

A

Less potential energy

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9
Q

Organism compounds possess potential energy as a result of the

A

Arrangement of electron in the bonds between the atoms

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10
Q

Reactions that move electrons or electron density from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative atom ….

A

Will release energy

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11
Q

Molecule rich in potential energy

A

C6H12O6

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12
Q

Molecule that that less energy which is released

A

CO2

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13
Q

Electrons from glucose will..

A

Move down hill, channeled off a few at a time, the downhill drop with power the uphill push needed to attach a phosphate group on ADP

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14
Q

The final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen, at the end of the staircase

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15
Q

Oxidation - reductions (REDOX) reaction

A

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfers of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

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16
Q

Oxidation and reduction always occurs

A

Together, if one atom loses an electron another must gain it

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17
Q

The transfer of electron between molecules is important because

A

most of the energy stored in atoms and used to fuel cell functions is in the form of high energy electron

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18
Q

Redox reactions are central in biology because

A

They drive the formation of ATP

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19
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

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20
Q

Reductions

A

Gain of electrons

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21
Q

The more oxidized a molecule is

A

The less potential energy it has

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22
Q

The more reduced a molecule is

A

The more potential energy it has

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23
Q

Example of oxidized state

A

NAD +

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24
Q

Example of reduced state

A

NADH

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25
A compound is a reducing agent if
It donates electrons and become oxidized itself
26
A compound is an oxidizing agent by
Accepting electrons therefore becoming reduced
27
The more electrons a compound has
The more potential energy it has
28
The metabolism of glucose is…
A redox reactions
29
Glucose is what in cellular respiration….
It’s the reducing agent - donating electrons so it becomes oxidized
30
Oxygen is what in cellular respiration
Is the oxidizing agent - accepts electron so becomes reduced
31
The electrons are strips away in pairs, and transferred from glucose to molecules callled…
Electron carriers
32
NAD is a key….
Electron carrier
33
NAD + is —- of electron
Empty. It’s positively charged, it can pick up 2 electrons and proton to form NADH
34
NADH is —— with electrons
Loaded, it proceeds down the energy hill to donate them to molecules that have great potential to accept electrons that it does
35
Glycolysis takes place in
The cytoplasm
36
How long is glycolysis, what are the parts
10 steps, 1-5 are energy investing and 6-10 are energy harvesting
37
How much energy does steps 1-5 require?
2 ATP
38
How much energy is made in steps 1-6?
Yield 4 ATP and 2 NADH
39
Reactants of glycolysis
Glucose 2 molecules of NAD + 2 molecules of ATP
40
Products of glycolysis
2 molecules of pyruvate 2 molecule of NADH 2 ATP
41
Oxidation-reduction example
Energy released by glucose oxidation is trapped via the reduction of NAD+ to NADH
42
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The production of ATP from ADP by a direct transfer of a high energy phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate metabolic compound in an Exergonic catabolic pathway
43
Allosteric regulation
The binding of a regulatory molecule to an enzyme that affects its shape and the functioning of its active site; this can result in either inhibition or stimulation of an enzymes activity
44
What is the product of glycolysis at the end?
2 molecule of pyruvates
45
Where does pyruvate oxidation happen?
Mitochondrial matrix
46
Pyruvate is oxidized to…
Actetate and CO2
47
Reactants in pyruvate oxidation
1 pyruvate 1 NAD+ 1 coenzymes A
48
Products of pyruvate oxidation
1 acetyl CoA 1 CO2 1 NADH
49
acetyl CoA in pyruvate oxidation is…
A carrier molecule, it donates its acetyl group to the four carbon compound to form a reactant of the citric acid cycle
50
When does the citric acid cycle take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
51
What are the reactant in the citric acid cycle
Acetate 3 NAD+ FAD ADP+Pi H2O
52
What are the products of the citric acid cycle?
2 CO2 3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP
53
What steps in the citric acid cycle CO2 released
Step 3 and step 4
54
What steps is NADP produced?
Step 3, 4, 8
55
What step is FADH2 produced
Step 6
56
After glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle what is left?
They hydrogen atoms and electron carried by NADH and FADH2, which go to the electron transport chain.
57
The oxidation of 1 glucose molecule yields
6 CO2 10 NADH - produce 2.5 ATP - 2 in glycolysis - 2 in pyruvate oxidation - 6 in the citric acid cycle 2 FADH2 - 1.5 ATP 4 ATP
58
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP formation in the mitochondrion, associated with the flow of electrons through the respiratory chain in two stages
59
What are the two stages is oxidative phosphorylation?
Electron transport chains and chemiosmosis
60
Where does the electron transport chain happen?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
61
Another name for the electron transport chains
Is the respiratory chain
62
Electron transport chain is a series of
Membrane associated electron carrier
63
Why does the surface areas of the inter mitochondrial membrane matter?
It allows for the space for thousands of copies of the chain to be there
64
What is the job of the ETC
Is to use the energy of the electron flow to pump protons via active transport from the mitochondrial matrix through the inner mitochondrial membrane and out to the intermembrane space
65
The respiratory chain transfer electron and protons and…
Releases free energy as the electron are passes between carriers
66
Why does the electron transport chain have so many step?
To control the release of energy during the oxidation of glucose, the ETC eases the fall of electrons from glucose to oxygen, breaking a large free-energy drop into a series of smaller steps that releases energy in manageable amounts of energy.
67
A single reactions would release…
Too much energy to be efficiently trapped to synthesize ATP
68
Chemiosmosis happens where?
Inner mitochondrial membrane and the mitochondrial matrix
69
Chemiosmosis process
Proton diffuse back across the inter mitochondrial membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix through a channel protein called ATP synthase, which couples this diffusion to the synthesis of ATP
70
The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to protons so…
The only way to follow the concentration gradient is through ATP synthase
71
ATP synthases is the same..
In all living organisms, it’s a molecular motor with two parts
72
What is the two part of ATP synthases
FO unit - transmembrane H+ channel F1 unit - projects into the matrix; rotates to expose active sites for ATP synthesis
73
As proton diffuse through the FO unit…
Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy causing the central polypeptide to rotate. They energy is transmitted to the F1 unit which allows for ADP to by phosphorylated resulting in ATP
74
Glycolysis and cellular respiration together create how much ATP
32 ATP
75
The energy originally contained in glucose is ultimately captured in…
The cellular energy currency of ATP
76
without oxygen, glycolysis and fermentation occurs
Some ATP is created
77
Where does glycolysis and fermentation happen?
Cytoplasm
78
Glycolysis and fermentation process does
Glucose is only partially oxidized, 2 ATP per glucose are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, NAD+ is regenerated to keep glycolysis going
79
In fermentation what is the final electron acceptor?
Pyruvate
80
The process of glycolysis and fermentation does what to glucose?
It only partially oxidizes glucose, so much energy remains in the end products of fermentation compared to the end product of cellular respiration
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