Chapter 11

Question 1

Asexual reproduction

Answer 1

Offspring arise from a single cell or organism, inheriting the genes of that parent only so are genetically identical to the parent (clones)

Question 2

A single-celled organisms - - -

Answer 2

Reproduces itself each cell cycle

Question 3

Sexual reproduction

Answer 3

Two parents contribute Genetic information to produce unique offspring, not identical to the parent

Question 4

Gamete

Answer 4

Each parent contributes one gamete (egg and sperm) to an offspring
Gametes contain one one set of chromosome (one homolog from each pair so they are haploids)

Question 5

Meiosis generate - — that is the raw material of evolution

Answer 5

Genetic diversity

Question 6

Fertilization

Answer 6

Two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid (2n) zygote

Question 7

Meiosis

Answer 7

A process of nuclear division in the gonads that produce reproductive cells

Question 8

How many divisions are in meiosis

Answer 8

2

Question 9

Meiosis Produces

Answer 9

4 haploids (n) gamete
Resulting in 4 genetically unique daughter cells

Question 10

Meiosis 1

Answer 10

Preceded by DNA replication is S phase
Homologous chromosomes pairs separate, but in ideals chromosomes (sister chromatids)stay together

Question 11

Meiosis 2

Answer 11

Not preceded by DNA replication
Sister chromatids senate
Chance assortment of the chromatids contributes to genetic diversity
Final product are four haploids daughter cells (n)

Question 12

Crossing over

Answer 12

The exchange of segments of non-sister chromatids between a pair of homologous chromosomes that occur during meiosis 1
Results in recombinant chromatids and increase genetic variability of the products

Question 13

Crossing over allows for —-

Answer 13

Genetic diversity

Question 14

Independent assortment allows for - -

Answer 14

Chance combination

Question 15

Independent assortment is

Answer 15

It’s a matter of chance how to homologs line up in anaphase 1 and which one go into which daughter cells, all up to chance

Question 16

Synapsis

Answer 16

The paring and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 on meiosis

Question 17

Tetrad

Answer 17

The structure formed by synapsed homologous chromosomes

Question 18

Chiasma

Answer 18

A X shaped structure formed by crossing over between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes

Question 19

Nondisjunction
Examples

Answer 19

Results in the production of anduploid cells
Sister chromatids may fail to separate in mitosis or meiosis 2
A pair of homologous chromosomes may fail to separate in meiosis homelogus chromosomes may fail to remain together during metaphase 1 of meiosis and then both may migrate to the same pole in anaphase

Question 20

The karyotype …

Answer 20

The number, shape, and sizes of all the chromosomes

Question 21

Cytogenetics

Answer 21

A branch of medicine in which karyotypes can be used to dispose abnormalities such as trisomies

Question 22

Translocation

Answer 22

A piece of chromosomes may break away and attach to another chromosome

Question 23

Necrosis and what causes it

Answer 23

Premature cell death
Causes -
lack of blood flow
Infections
Toxins
Trauma
The cells swell rapidly and then rupture, cell content are released and can cause inflammation

Question 24

Apoptosis and for what reasons?

Answer 24

Programmed cell death
Reasons
- replace old cells
-remove unnecessary cells
-remove damaged cells
-support overall homeostasis

Question 25

Tumors

Answer 25

Large masses of cells

Question 26

Cancer cells loses….

Answer 26

Control over cell division, they divide continuously

Question 27

Benign tumors

Answer 27

Grow slowly, resemble the tissue they grow from, and remain localized. They are not cancerous but must be removed if they obstruct and organ or its function

Question 28

Malignant tumors

Answer 28

Do not resemble the parent tissue, these tumors can grow indefinitely and/or the cells can spread from the original site of growth to other location in the body

Question 29

Metastasis

Answer 29

Cancer cells invade surrounding tissue and travel through the bloodstream or lymph system. Wherever the cancer cells lodge they continue dividing and from new tumors in different location that first area

Question 30

Oncogene proteins

Answer 30

Positive regulator (gas pedal) in cancer cells. Normals regulator are mutated to be overactive or present in excess

Question 31

Tumor suppressors

Answer 31

Negative regulator (brakes); inactive in cancer cells

Question 32

Surgical removal is what?

Answer 32

The optimal treatment, but sometimes it can’t be removed

Question 33

Other treatments target the cells swell rapidly cycle. What do they do?

Answer 33

chemotherapy - prevents cell division Radiation - causes DNA damage is tumor cells, repair mechanism are overwhelmed so cell undergo apoptosis