Law of segregation
The two copies of a gene separate during gamete formation; each gamete receives only one copy
What does a punnet square allow for?
Is allows for all possible allele combinations to be predicted; ensures that all possible combinations of gametes are considered when calculating expected genotype frequencies
The law of independent assortment
Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation
What are the two laws Mendel predicted?
The law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
Incomplete dominance
Alleles are neither dominate more recessive - heterozygoyes have intermediate phenotype
S
Codominance
A condition in which two alleles produce different phenotypic effect and both effect appear in heterozygotes
Gene
Specific segment of DNA within a chromosome that encodes a particular protein. Genes are the instruction booklet for how hech protein is assembled, including hair protein, muscle, and enzymes, for example. Cells contain two genes for each particular protein. The genes may be the same or different alleles of the same gene
Allele
A specific version of a gene. For example, you have a gene for ear lobes attachment and specific version of that gene, called allele, which encode for either attached for free ear lobes. Some allele may be dominant while other may be recessive
Genotype
The set of alleles that the cells possess. If we designate (E) to represent the allele for free ear lobes and (e) to represent attached lobes, an individual can have the following genotypes : EE, Ee, ee
Phenotype
The physical traits that result from an individual’s genotype. These traits are physically visual or measurable. Hair color, eye color. Height, weight, flower color, seed texture.
Dominant traits
These traits, always represented with a capital letter, will be present in the phenotype of any individual that possesses the allele for such trait. Free lobes (E), for example. Is a dominate trait, while attached lobes (e) is recessive. Individual with the genotype of EE or EE will have a free lobe phenotype
Homozygous
Refers to individuals in which both versions of a gene they possess are the same allele. In out ear lobes example. Homozygous individual could be represented with EE (homozygous dominant) or ee (homozygous recessive)
Heterozygous
Refers to individuals in which the version of a gene they possess different. In our ear lobes example example, heterozygous individual would be represented as EE.
