Chapter 14

Question 1

DNA is the carrier of …..

Answer 1

Genetic information

Question 2

DNA is replicated prior to…..

Answer 2

Cell division

Question 3

DNA has a role in….

Answer 3

Gene expression

Question 4

What is the major product of gene expression

Answer 4

Proteins

Question 5

Mutations

Answer 5

A change in the genetic material now cause by recombination

Question 6

Mutagen

Answer 6

Any agent (chemical, radiation, etc) that increases the mutation rate

Question 7

What is the one-gene, one-polypeptide relationship?

Answer 7

The idea that each gene in the genome encodes only a single polypeptide; there is a one-to-one correspondence between gene and polypeptides

Question 8

If a gene determines sytheiss of one enzyme, mutating that gene will result in a….

Answer 8

A nonfunctional enzym, and the reaction doesn’t occur. The pathway stops at that point

Question 9

Transcription

Answer 9

The information in a DNA sequence (a gene) is copied in a complementary RNA sequence

Question 10

Transcribe means

Answer 10

Convert, arrange for a different instrument

Question 11

Transcriptions takes dna to

Answer 11

RNA

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12

This rna sequence is used as a template to create the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Question 13

Translate means

Answer 13

Turn from one language to another

Question 14

Translation takes rna to

Answer 14

Protein

Question 15

Who prophase the steps on transcription and translation and what did they call it?

Answer 15

Crick and Watson and they called in the “central dogma of molecular biology”

Question 16

Where does transcription happen?

Answer 16

Nucleus

Question 17

Where does translation happen?

Answer 17

Cytoplasm in (ribosome)

Question 18

mRNA

Answer 18

Messenger RNA, one of the two DNA strands in the gene is transcribed to produce a complementary RNA strand which is then processed to produce mRNA

Question 19

Where does the mRNA travel to?

Answer 19

From the nuclous to cytoplasm where is translated

Question 20

The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA determines…

Answer 20

The ordered sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain, which is synthesized by a ribosome

Question 21

rRNA

Answer 21

(Ribosomal RNA) Part of the ribosome, catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids to form a polypeptide

Question 22

tRNA

Answer 22

(Transfer RNA) - can bind a specific amino acids and recognize specific sequences of nucleotide in mRNA — the tRNA recognizes which amino acids should be added next to a growing polypeptide chain

Question 23

The synthesis is directed by …..

Answer 23

DNA

Question 24

the RNA made is …… in sequence to the DNA strand with what following exception/

Answer 24

complementary
expectations - RNA uracil replaces thymine and ribose replaces deoxyribose

Question 25

The information content of ... is indeed preserved in the RNA

Answer 25

DNA

Question 26

Transcription

Answer 26

the formation of a specific RNA sequence from a specific DNA sequence

Question 27

What are the required components for transcription?

Answer 27

- DNA template for complementary base pairs -the four ribonucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP) - and RNA polymerase enzyme

Question 28

What does RNA polymerase do?

Answer 28

catalyze the synthesis of RNA from the DNA template catalyze the addition of nucleotides in the 5' to 3'

Question 29

What is the main difference between RNA and DNA polymerase?

Answer 29

RNA polymerases do not need a primer RNA polymerases do not proofread

Question 30

What are the three steps of transcription?

Answer 30

initiation elongation termination

Question 31

What happens in the Initiation step of transcription?

Answer 31

The RNA polymerase binds to promoters.

Question 32

Promoter

Answer 32

a special sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription

Question 33

What do promoters tell RNA polymerase?

Answer 33

- where to start (the template stand has an initiation site where transcription begins) - which strand of DNA to transcribe

Question 34

What happens in Elongation is transcription?

Answer 34

The RNA polymerase unzips about 10 base pairs at a time. The RNA forms at the 5' end when it adds to the 3' end. RNA isn't proofreading; the energy from the breaking of phosphate groups powers theRNA polymerase

Question 35

Why does RNA polymerase not need to proofread?

Answer 35

many copies of RNA are made and they often have a relative short life span

Question 36

What happens in the termination step of transcription?

Answer 36

When transcription ends is specified by a specific DNA sequence. When the RNA polymerase reaches the termination site then the RNA transcript and polymerase is released

Question 37

What does transcription originally create?

Answer 37

Pre-mRNA

Question 38

precursor mRNA

Answer 38

initial gene transcript before it is modified to produce functional mRNA, the primary transcript

Question 39

introns

Answer 39

portion of a gene within the coding region that are transcribed into pre-mRNA but are spliced out during mRNA processing, before translation; interups but does not scramble the DNA seuaence of a gene

Question 40

Exons

Answer 40

a portion of a gene that is presnt in mature mRNA; encode polypeptide sequence

Question 41

pre-mRNA processing

Answer 41

modification of the primary transcripts before it leave the nucleus; both ends are modified, and the introns are removed

Question 42

Where is the 5' cap added What does it do

Answer 42

added to the 5' end - facilitates the binding of mRNA to the ribosome for translation - protects the mRNA from being digested by ribonuclease that break down RNAs

Question 43

Where is the poly A tail added to? What does it do?

Answer 43

It is added to the 3' end its assists in the export of the mature mmRNA from the Nucleus important for mRNA recognition and stability in the cytoplams

Question 44

RNA splicing

Answer 44

last stage of RNA processing; removes the introns and splices the exons together

Question 45

One RNA Processing is done...

Answer 45

the 5' nucleotide cap during processing of the mRNA is recognized by the nuclear pore receptor and let out of the nucleus