Chapter 5

Question 1

Cells are?

Answer 1

The fundamental unit of life

Question 2

The cell theory component

Answer 2

Cells are the fundamental units of life
All organisms are composed of one or more cells
all cells come from preexisting cells

Question 3

The cell theory

Answer 3

An important unifying principle of biology

Question 4

Common characteristics of ALL cells

Answer 4

Plasma membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Region of DNA

Question 5

Plasma membrane

Answer 5

The outer boundary that surrounds the cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 6

Plasma membrane functions

Answer 6

Selectively permeable barrier
Allows for a constant internal environment to be maintained
Important for communitcaimg with other cells and receive singnals from the external environment
Contains proteins responsible for binding and adhering at adjacent
Structural role and contributes to cell shape

Question 7

Cytoplasm

Answer 7

Everything inside the cell except for the nucleus

Question 8

Cytosol

Answer 8

The fluid cytoplasm not contained inside another compartment

Question 9

Region of DNA

Answer 9

DNA is located in the nucleoid of of prokaryotes and the nucleus of eukaryotes

Question 10

Ribosomes

Answer 10

Sites of protein synthesis

Question 11

Cell size is limited by the surface area to volume ratio

Answer 11

Lots of roads into the cell and having cells being smaller allows for substances to move more easily throughout cell

Question 12

Prokaryotes

Answer 12

Bacteria & archaea
No membrane enclosed internal compartments

Question 13

Eukaryotes

Answer 13

Protists, fungi, animals, plants
Have membrane enclosed organelles in which different functions occur

Question 14

Capesule

Answer 14

Outside of the cell wall, jellylike, made of polysaccharides, protects from white blood cell attacks, retains moisture

Question 15

Outer membrane

Answer 15

Encloses the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall

Question 16

Cell wall

Answer 16

Outside the cell membrane, rigid, gives support to the cell and gives it shapes

Question 17

Flagella

Answer 17

Helps in locomotion

Question 18

Pili

Answer 18

Project from cell surface, hair-like
Help in adhering to cells, and in movement of genetic material form one cell to another

Question 19

Cytoskeleton

Answer 19

System of protein filaments
Maintains cell shape, plays a role in cell movement and cell division

Question 20

Where are ribosomes located

Answer 20

Free in the cytosol or bound to the rough ER

Question 21

Nucleus

Answer 21

Often the most conspicuous organelle in the eukaryotic cell
- contains most of the cells DNA
- sites of DNA replication and transcription

Question 22

Nucleolus

Answer 22

Region of the nucleus involved in the production of ribosomes

Question 23

Nuclear envelope

Answer 23

A double membrane enclosing the nucleus
Helps with regulating traffic of molecule with the cytoplasm; outer membrane is continuous with the ER

Question 24

Endomembrane system

Answer 24

Interconnect system of membrane enclosed compartments

Question 25

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 25

Network on membrane d in the cytoplasm; large surface area

Question 26

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 26

Ribosomes are attached Newly made proteins enter the RER and are modified, folded and transported to other regions of the cell

Question 27

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 27

Chemical modifies small molecules such as drugs and pesticides Site of glycogen degradation in animal cells Synthesis of lipids and steroids

Question 28

Golgi apparatus

Answer 28

Receives proteins from rer and can further modify them Concentrated, packages, sorts, and secretes cell products In plant cell, polysaccharides for cell wall are made here

Question 29

Lysosomes

Answer 29

Contain digestives enzymes the hydrolyze macromolecules Primary, secondary,

Question 30

Phagocytosis

Answer 30

Food molecule entering the cell forming a phagosomes

Question 31

Waste products are ejected by

Answer 31

Exocytosis

Question 32

Central vacuoles

Answer 32

Often largest compartments, structures, storage of pigment, water, and toxins

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

Energy in fuel molecules such as gluecose is transformed to the bonds of energy-rich ATP

Question 34

Cell that require a lot of energy

Answer 34

Requires a lot of mitochondria

Question 35

Mitocondria can what

Answer 35

Divided and reproduce independently of the nucleus involved

Question 36

Mitocondria have two membrane

Answer 36

Outer membranes Inner membrane folds inwards to form Cristae

Question 37

Cristae

Answer 37

Creates a large surface area for the embedded protein involved in cellular respiration

Question 38

Plastids

Answer 38

Occur only in plant, many types and functions

Question 39

Chloroplast

Answer 39

Site of photosynthesis Have a double membrane Inner membrane forms thylakoids which contain chlorophyll and other pigments that harvest light Can divide independently of the nucleus

Question 40

Chromoplasts

Answer 40

Contain red, orange and yellow pigments give colors to flowers

Question 41

Cytoskeleton

Answer 41

Supports and maintains cell shape

Question 42

Microtubules

Answer 42

Long, hollow cylinders that shape and support of the cell

Question 43

Cilia

Answer 43

Short, many on the cell, propel cell or move fluid over the cell

Question 44

Flagella

Answer 44

Longer usually one or two present, movement is snakelike

Question 45

Micro filaments

Answer 45

Cell contractions, help cell or parts of a cell move. Determines cell shape

Question 46

Cell wall - plant cell

Answer 46

Cellulose fibers, embedded in other complex polysaccharides and proteins - provides support for cell and plant - acts as a barrier to infection Contributes to plant growth by growing when plant cell expands

Question 47

Plasmodesmata

Answer 47

Cell membrane lined Channels that extend through cell walls to connect close cells

Question 48

Extracellular matrix

Answer 48

Holds cells together in tissues, helps tissues repair and communicate

Question 49

What was the major event in the history of life

Answer 49

The advent on compartmentalization and evolution of eukaryotic cells

Question 50

Theory of endosymbiosis

Answer 50

The the mitocondria and chloroplasts came into cell because one cell engulfed them and used them to evolve instead of for energy