CHAPTER 12

Question 1

scalp

• the scalp consists of _____ layers of soft tissue that cover the _____
• those layers include _____, close _____, _____ of _____, _____, and the _____
• the first _____ layers are collectively called the _____ and are clinically regarded as a single layer because they remain together when cut during surgery or torn off during an accident
• Layer 1: _____ makes up the first layer and is commonly found containing _____ and _____
• layer 2: _____ (connective tissue) is richly _____ and well supplied with _____
• layer 3: _____ is a flattened tendon
• -it is named _____ (from latin galea = Helmet
• -the aponeurosis is found between the _____ muscle _____ and the _____ muscle _____
• -it is also referred to as the _____
• layer 4: _____ allows free movement of the scalp proper
• -the loose connective tissue that allows free movement also contains many potential spaces that are capable of filling with _____ and allowing _____ or _____ to spread easily through here
• -veins (_____ veins) connect this layer with the _____ and can potentially lead to the spread of infection from this layer to the _____
• -therefore, this is known as the _____
• layer 5 (deepest): _____ is firmly anchored to the skull and is also known as the _____ of the external surface of the skull

Answer 1

5
skin
subcutaneous tissue
aponeurosis two muscles
loose subaponeurotic tissue 
pericranium
3
scalp proper
skin
hair 
sebaceous glands 
close subcutaneous tissue
vascularized 
nerves
aponeurosis
galea aponeurotica
frontalis
anteriorly
occipitalis
posteriorly
epicranium
loose subaponeurotic tissue
fluid
pus
blood
emissary
dural sinuses
cranial cavity
danger layer
pericranium
periosteum

Question 2

cranial bone

• a cranial bone is made up of _____ layers that can be seen when looking at the skull
• on the external surface of the _____ is _____ or _____, which is the _____ layer of the scalp
• the external layer is called the _____ and is made of _____ bone
• the middle layer is made of _____ bone and is called the _____
• the internal layer is called the _____ and is made of _____
• different cranial bones vary in thickness; the _____ and _____ regions are thick, and the _____ region is thinner
• lining the inner table is the _____ or _____, which is the outer layer of _____

Answer 2

3
outer table
periosteum 
pericranium
fifth
outer table
compact
spongy
diploe
inner table
compact 
occipital 
frontal
temporal
endocranium
endosteum 
dura

Question 3

blood supply of the scalp

• blood supply comes from the vessel _____, specifically branches of the _____ and the _____ arteries
• many of these vessels _____ freely in the _____ layer of the scalp, _____
• branches of the _____ supply the frontal region
• branches supplying the temporal and occipital regions come off of the _____
• veins accompanying the arteries in the _____ arrangement (in which two veins lie on either side of the artery) and have the same names as the arteries

Answer 3

below
external carotid 
internal carotid 
anastomose
second 
close subcutaneous tissue
internal carotid arteries 
external carotid artery 
venae comitantes

Question 4

innervation of the scalp

• innervation of the scalp _____ to the _____ is through branches of the _____ divisions of the _____ nerve, cranial nerve _____: _____, _____, and _____
• _____ to the _____, nerve supply of the scalp is from the _____

Answer 4

anterior 
external ear
three
trigeminal
V
opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
posterior
ear
cervical spinal nerves

Question 5

meninges

• similar to the spinal cord, there are _____ layers of meninges surrounding the brain: _____, _____, and _____
• dura mater consists of two layers
• -you already know about the endocranium or the endosteum, the outer later that fuses to the skull; this is also called the _____
• -the inner layer is called the _____
• -both of these layers adhere to each other except at certain locations where they separate, called _____
• –dural sinuses are spaces that contain _____ and absorbed _____
• the inner layer of the dura folds internally in _____ locations called _____
• -the _____ separates the _____ portion of the right and left sides of the cerebrum
• –it attaches anteriorly to the _____ and posteriorly to the _____ at the level of the _____
• –from latin falx = sickle
• –this fold is sickle shaped
• -the _____ forms a tent over the cerebellum
• –from latin tentorium = tent
• -the _____ is another sickle shaped dural fold _____ to the surface of the _____
• –it separates the right and left _____
• -_____ is a small, circular, horizontal sheet of dura that forms a roof over the _____ in the _____
• –it is pierced by the _____ (or _____)
• arterial supply of the dura is not from the same vessels supplying the scalp
• -dura is supplied by the _____, including the _____
• –it branches off of the _____ coming off of the _____ and courses _____ to the dura mater
• -the inner surface of the _____ contains indentations from these vessels

Answer 5

three
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
endosteal dura
meningeal dura
dural sinuses
blood
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
4
dural folds
falx cerebri
superior
crista galli
tentorium cerebelli
internal occipital protuberance
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
inferior
tentorium cerebelli
cerebellar hemispheres 
diaphragma sellae
hypophyseal fossa
sella turcica
hypophyseal stalk
infundibulum
meningeal arteries 
middle meningeal artery
maxillary artery
external carotid 
external
calvaria

Question 6

dural sinuses

• when the two layers of the dura mater separate, this is called a _____
• the sinus is actually a _____ lined with _____ that is not collapsible
• they drain all the blood and absorbed CSF from the brain; they all flow toward the _____
• -the _____ lies in the median plane on the _____ portion of the _____
• –it connects with the _____, _____, and the _____ expansions of the _____ called the _____
• –it drains _____ into the _____ (or _____)
• -the _____ also lies in the median plane but on the _____ portion of the _____
• –it drains _____ into the _____
• -the _____ is found between the junction of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli
• –it receives blood from the _____ and _____
• –it drains _____ into the _____
• -the _____ begins at the confluence and courses laterally
• –it is found within the _____ border of the _____
• –it passes _____ toward the _____ of the temporal bone to the _____

–the _____ extends from the transverse sinus and courses in an S shape (S for the greek letter sigma) along the _____ portion to the _____, where it continues in the neck as the _____

• -two _____ are found lateral to the sella turcica on each side
• –they were named cavernous because they have a cave-like appearance

Answer 6

sinus
vein
endothelium
internal jugular vein
superior sagittal sinus
superior
falx cerebri
diploic veins
cerebral veins
lateral
superior sagittal sinus 
lateral lacunae
posteriorly
confluence of sinuses
confluence
inferior sagittal sinus
inferior
falx cerebri
posteriorly
straight sinus
straight sinus
inferior sagittal sinus
cerebral veins
posteriorly 
confluence of sinuses
transverse sinus
external
tentorium cerebelli
anteriorly 
petrous portion
sigmoid sinus
sigmoid sinus
petrous
jugular foramen
internal jugular vein
cavernous sinuses

Question 7

circle of willis

• the circle of willis (cerebral arterial circle) is a _____ between the right and left _____ and the right and left _____
• the internal carotid artery after entering the cranial cavity will divide into two cerebral arteries, the _____, which courses within the _____ of the cerebrum, and the _____, which courses in the _____ fissure of the cerebrum
• the vertebral artery branches off of the _____ and travels _____ through the _____ of _____
• -it passes through the _____ and joints the _____ from the _____ side to form the _____
• -this vessel courses along a groove on the _____ and divides into two _____

-the circle of willis is formed by the _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ and the _____

Answer 7

polygonal anastomosis 
internal carotid arteries 
vertebral arteries
anterior cerebral artery
longitudinal fissure
middle cerebral artery
lateral
subclavian artery
upward
transverse foramina 
CV6-CV1
foramen magnum
vertebral artery
opposite
basilar artery
posterior cerebral arteries 
pons
basilar artery
posterior cerebral arteries
posterior communicating arteries
internal carotid arteries 
anterior cerebral arteries 
anterior communicating artery