CHAPTER 31

Question 1

definition
the abdomen is the portion of the trunk between the _____ and the _____
-it consists of an _____ and an _____ termed the abdominal cavity
–for purpose of description, the abdominal wall is subdivided into the following:
—_____ abdominal wall
—_____ abdominal wall

Answer 1

thorax 
pelvis
outer wall
inner cavity
anterolateral 
posterior

Question 2

regions of the abdominal wall

• in examining and describing the abdomen, it is customary to relate pain, swelling, or the position of an _____ to one if its _____
• two methods are used to subdivide the regions of the abdominal wall. one method results in _____ regions, the other in _____ regions
  1. the system that divides the abdomen into nine regions uses _____ and _____ planes of reference:
• -the _____ is a horizontal plane halfway between the _____ of the _____ and the _____. it lies at the level of _____
• -the _____ is a horizontal plane through the _____ of the _____. it lies at the level of _____
• right and left _____ (_____) planes are located in the _____ of the _____

2. the following nine regions are formed:
   - -1: _____ (midgut referred pain)
   - -2: _____ of _____, just inferior to _____ (foregut referred pain)
   - -3: _____ (hypogastric) area above the _____ (hindgut referred pain)
   - -4 and 5: right and left _____ related to _____
   - -6 and 7: right and left _____ (lumbar) area
   - -8 and 9: right and left _____

-the system that divides the abdomen into four regions uses the _____ for both the horizontal and vertical planes.
this results in _____ regions, called _____

Answer 2

organ
regions
nine
four
two horizontal 
two vertical 
transpyloric plane 
jugular notch 
sternum
pubic symphysis
LV1
transtubercular plane
tubercles 
iliac crest
LV5
mid-clavicular (lateral)
midpoint
clavicle
umbilical
epigastric area
epigastric fossa
infrasternal area
pubic
pubic symphysis 
hypochondriac areas
costal cartilages 
lateral
inguinal area
umbilicus 
4
quadrants

Question 3

upper right quadrant

name 5

Answer 3

liver
gall bladder
superior part of ascending colon
right colic or hepatic flexure of the colon
right half of the transverse colon

Question 4

upper left quadrant

name 6

Answer 4

stomach
spleen
pancreas
left half of the transverse colon
left colic or splenic fissure of the colon
superior part of the descending colon

Question 5

lower right quadrant

name 3

Answer 5

inferior part of the ascending colon
cecum
vermiform appendix

Question 6

lower left quadrant

name 2

Answer 6

inferior part of the descending colon

sigmoid colon

Question 7

anterolateral abdominal wall
the anterolateral abdominal wall is composed of the following:
1. \_\_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_\_
3. \_\_\_\_\_
4. \_\_\_\_\_

• skin
• -the skin of the abdomen is of _____ thickness as compared with other parts of the body
• -_____ lines are known as _____ are sometimes seen in the skin of the abdomen during _____
• -after parturition, these striae gradually change into thin, white, scarlike lines, the _____
• the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall exists in two layers:
• -_____ (_____)
• -_____ (_____)

-muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall
name 4

• rectus sheath
• -the rectus sheath is a fibrous structure formed by the _____ of the following:
  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
• -anatomical lines are formed by the rectus sheath:
  1. the _____ is a median furrow from the _____ to the _____. it consists of _____, _____ of interlacing fibers of the _____ of each side
  2. the _____ is a curved line at the _____ border of the _____. it is formed where the aponeurosis of the _____ splits to form the layers of the rectus sheath
  3. the _____ is a horizontal landmark change in the rectus sheath
• peritoneum
• -lining the _____ wall of the abdomen is the _____

Answer 7

skin
subcutaneous tissue
muscles 
peritoneum 
average 
reddish
striae gravidarum
pregnancy
lineae albicante
superficial fatty layer (campers fascia)
deep membranous layer (scarpas fascia)
external oblique
internal oblique 
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis 
aponeurosis 
external oblique
internal oblique 
transverses abdominis 
linea alba 
xiphoid process
pubis
tough
tendinous raphe 
aponeurosis 
linea semilunaris
lateral
rectus abdominis 
internal oblique 
arcuate line
inner
parietal peritoneum

Question 8

blood vessels of the anterolateral abdominal wall

• the chief arteries of the abdominal wall are as follows:
  1. two branches of the _____ or _____ (superiorly)
• _____
• _____
  2. two branches of the _____ (inferiorly)
• _____
• _____
• two longitudinal channels are formed in the following manner:
• -the anastomoses of the _____ and _____ represent an anastomosis between _____ (via the _____) and _____
• -the anastomoses of _____ and _____ also represent an anastomosis between the _____ and the _____

Answer 8

internal thoracic artery
internal mammary artery
superior epigastric
musculophrenic 
external iliac artery
inferior epigastric 
deep circumflex iliac 
superior
inferior epigastric 
subclavian 
internal mammary artery
external iliac arteries 
musculophrenic 
deep circumflex iliac 
subclavian artery
external iliac artery

Question 9

nerves of the anterolateral abdominal wall

• the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall are segmentally innervated by the _____ and _____
• in addition to innervating these muscles, the nerves give off _____ and _____ to _____ of the _____

Answer 9

thoracoabdominal nerves
subcostal nerve
anterior cutaneous branches 
lateral cutaneous branches 
skin
abdomen

Question 10

posterior abdominal wall

• muscles making up the posterior abdominal wall include the following:
  1. _____
  2. _____

-the abdominal aorta lies _____ on the _____

Answer 10

quadratus lumborum
psoas major
retroperitoneally
posterior abdominal wall