CHAPTER 29

Question 1

definition

• the respiratory system of the body is concerned with _____ transport and exchange
• -it exists in two phases:
  1. the _____ is concerned with the movement of gases from the outer environment through the respiratory tubes to the lungs
  2. the _____ is concerned with the exchange of _____ and _____ between the blood and the _____ of the lungs
• the organs of the respiratory system are discussed in the order that air passes from the other environment to the lungs:
• -_____
• -_____
• -_____
• -_____
• -_____
• -_____
• -_____

Answer 1

gas
conductive phase
gas exchange phase 
oxygen
carbon dioxide 
air sacs 
nasal cavity (or oral cavity)
pharynx
larynx 
trachea 
bronchi
bronchioles 
lungs

Question 2

trachea

• the trachea is a _____ and _____ tube extending from the _____ above to the point at which it bifurcates into two _____ below
• -_____ is conduced through the trachea during the process of _____
• -it is about _____ in length _____
• -it is composed of a series of _____ to _____ C-shaped rings of _____ so that each almost encircles the lumen
• -the open ends of these incomplete cartilaginous rings are directed _____, and the gap between the two ends of each ring is bridged by _____ and _____
• –this connective tissue bridge is adjacent to the posteriorly related _____
• -the tracheal bifurcation marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of two _____
• –it is the primary bronchi that enter the _____ of the _____

Answer 2

cartilaginous 
membranous 
larynx
primary bronchi
air
respiration
15cm 
in vivo
16 to 20
hyaline cartilage 
posteriorly 
connective tissue
smooth muscle
esophagus
primary bronchi
substance 
lung

Question 3

bronchi
-as mentioned, the trachea terminates by bifurcating into two primary bronchi, called, respectively, the _____ and the _____

Answer 3

right primary bronchus

left primary bronchus

Question 4

right primary bronchus

• the right primary bronchus is _____, _____, and _____ (it forms a less acute angle with the trachea) than the left primary bronchus
• it is approximately _____ in length
• it enters the right lung at the _____ of the right lung and divides into three _____, one for each of the lobes of the right lung
• each of these three secondary bronchi divides into several _____ that supply a _____
• -the term bronchopulmonary segment is applied to the _____ segment within a lobe of the lung
• -bronchopulmonary segments are separated from one another by _____ that prevent diffusion of air from one segment to another

Answer 4

wider
shorter
straighter
2.5 cm
hilus
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi 
bronchopulmonary segment 
largest 
connective tissue septa

Question 5

left primary bronchus

• the left primary bronchus is _____ in caliber but about _____ as long as the right primary bronchus (_____ cm)
• it makes more of an _____ with the trachea than the right primary bronchus
• -thus, objects falling through the trachea would most likely lodge in the _____ bronchus because it is more in line with the trachea than the left primary bronchus
• it enters the left lung through the _____, and it divides into _____ secondary bronchi, one for the upper lobe and one for the lower lobe

Answer 5

smaller
twice
5
acute angle
right 
hilus 
2

Question 6

• tertiary bronchi subdivide further into more bronchi and then into many _____. the following are the main differences between the bronchi and bronchioles
  1. bronchioles, as their name indicates, are _____ and more _____ than bronchi
  2. bronchioles do not require _____ in their walls to keep them from collapsing on _____ movements because they are inside the _____ of the lung - which itself is _____ during inspiratory movements
• the terminal bronchioles in turn divide into _____
  1. these are _____ composed of _____ and _____
  2. a few _____ bud off of the respiratory bronchioles and are the reason why these bronchioles are termed respiratory bronchioles
  3. the respiratory bronchioles branch in _____ into _____ to _____
• the alveolar ducts are _____, _____ tubes of _____ and _____
• -from the alveolar ducts arise single alveoli and alveolar sacs that contain _____ or more _____
• at the level of the alveoli, there is no longer any _____ or _____
• -all that remains as the alveolar wall is a thin layer of _____ and _____
• -the most conspicuous feature of the alveoli is the presence of numerous _____ adjacent to them
• -the capillaries are so _____ that a great portion of their surface is directed _____ the alveoli
• -this is understandable since it is the alveolar wall plus the capillary wall that constitute the _____, the membrane through which _____ occurs

Answer 6

bronchioles
smaller
numerous
cartilages
inspiratory
substance 
expanded 
respiratory bronchioles 
short tubes
connective tissue
smooth muscle 
alveoli
cone-like radiation
2
11 
alveolar ducts
long
thin-walled
connective tissue
smooth muscle 
two
alveoli 
cartilage 
smooth muscle 
epithelium 
connective tissue
capillaries
situated 
toward
respiratory membrane 
gas exchange

Question 7

lungs

• there are two lungs in the body, properly called the right lung and the left lung
• each lung presents an _____ (the rounded superior end of the lung), a _____, and three surfaces:
  1. the _____ surface is adjacent to the _____ (sternum, ribs, costal cartilage, intercostal muscles)
  2. the _____ surface (_____) is adjacent to the _____ surface of the diaphragm
• -since the diaphragm projects _____, forming two _____, the diaphragmatic surface is _____
  3. the _____ surface is adjacent to the heart and other thoracic organs
• -the medial surface presents a _____, the _____ or _____, where all structures that enter or leave the lung pass
• the name that is given collectively to all of the structures that enter or leave the lung at the hilus is _____. the following structures form the root:
  1. the _____ is a branch of the pulmonary trunk that brings _____ blood from the heart to the lung
  2. the two _____ carry _____ blood from the lung back to the heart
  3. the _____ is a branch of the trachea; it serves as a passageway for air
• lobes and fissures of the lungs
  1. the right lung has _____ fissures, the _____ fissure and the _____ (_____) fissure
• these fissures subdivide the right lung into _____ lobes: _____ (_____), _____, and _____ (_____) lobes
  2. the left lung has _____ fissure, the _____ fissure
• this fissure subdivides the left lung into _____ lobes, _____ (_____) and _____ (_____) lobes
• the left lung contains a _____ and _____

Answer 7

apex
base
costal 
thoracic wall
diaphragmatic (base)
upper
upward
domes
concave 
medial
locus
hilus 
hilum
root of the lung
pulmonary artery
deoxygenated 
pulmonary veins
oxygenated
primary bronchus 
two
oblique
transverse (horizontal)
3
upper (superior)
middle
lower (inferior)
one
oblique
2
upper (superior)
lower (inferior) 
lingula
cardiac notch