CHAPTER 16

Question 1

external nose

• the _____ is the tip of the nose
• the _____ is the base of the nose where it attaches to the _____
• the _____ is the superior aspect of the nose, covered by _____
• -the upper part of the dorsum is called the _____ of the nose
• the _____ aspect of the _____ nose contains two openings, the _____ or _____
• laterally, the nose consists of skin termed the _____

Answer 1

apex
root
face
dorsum
skin
bridge
inferior
external
nares
nostrils
ala

Question 2

internal structures of the external nose

• in the upper half of the external nose, the combination is _____ and _____ (_____) covering _____, the bone being the _____ bone.
• in the lower half, the composition is _____ and _____ (_____) covering _____; the following are the cartilages of the external nose
  1. _____
  2. _____ of the _____
  3. _____, which is bent so that it forms the _____ and _____ walls of the _____
  4. possibly several _____ cartilages
• just inside the nares is a space called the _____, also bounded _____ and _____ by the _____ cartilage
  1. skin located here contains _____ and _____
• the vestibule is limited above by a curved elevation, the _____ ( a ridge formed by the _____ of _____)
  1. it is at this point that the skin of the vestibule gives way to the _____ of the nasal cavity
• that part of the nasal cavity just above the limen nasi is the _____

Answer 2

skin
muscle (procerus)
bone
nasal bone
skin
muscle (nasalis)
cartilage 
septal cartilage
lateral expansion 
septal cartilage 
greater alar cartilage 
medial
lateral
nares
smaller
vestibule 
laterally
medially
greater ala 
hair
sebaceous glands
limen nasi
lateral expansion
septal cartilage 
mucous membrane 
atrium

Question 3

nasal cavity

• the nasal cavity is a space between the _____ superiorly and the _____ inferiorly
• it is divided by median nasal septum into two symmetrical chambers, the _____ and the _____
• it is open _____ via the _____
• it is open to the nasopharynx _____ via the _____; the conchae is a bony aperture formed posteriorly by the following:
  1. _____ (medially)
  2. _____ (inferiorly)
  3. _____ (laterally)
  4. _____ (superiorly)
• when the cartilages of the external nose are removed, the dried skull presents another bony aperture called the _____. it is bounded by the _____ superiorly, and the _____ laterally and inferiorly

Answer 3

cranial cavity
oral cavity 
right nasal cavity
left nasal cavity
anteriorly 
nares
posteriorly 
choanae
vomer
palatine bone 
medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid 
body of sphenoid 
piriform aperture 
nasal bones 
maxilla

Question 4

boundaries of the nasal cavity

• the superior boundary or _____ of the nasal cavity is formed by _____ bones (from anterior to posterior)
  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____ (_____)
  4. _____ (_____)
• the inferior boundary or the _____ of the nasal cavity is formed by the _____ anteriorly and the _____ posteriorly
  1. these are the two bones that form the _____
  2. it separates the _____ cavity to the _____ cavity
• the _____ boundary is formed by _____ bones
  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. _____
  5. _____
  6. _____

7. _____
   - the lateral boundary is characterized by the presence of the _____ (or _____):
   a. _____ nasal concha (part of _____)
   - -rarely, the highest nasal concha bone is present above the _____
   b. _____ nasal concha (part of ethmoid)
   c. _____ nasal concha (a separate bone)
   d. the space inferior to each concha is termed a _____
   - -the _____ is the space just below the superior nasal concha
   - -the middle meatus is just below the middle nasal concha. the middle meatus contains an elevation or bulge of bone called the _____, bounded _____ by a semilunar slit, known as the _____
   - -the inferior meatus is just below the _____

• the _____ boundary is composed of the _____, the median partition separating the right and left nasal cavities; it is formed by _____ structures
  1. _____ (posteriorly and inferiorly)
  2. _____ (superiorly)
  3. _____ (anteriorly)

Answer 4

roof
4
nasal
frontal
ethmoid (cribriform plate)
sphenoid (body)
floor
maxilla
palatine bone
hard palate
nasal
oral
lateral
7
nasal
lacrimal 
ethomid 
inferior nasal concha (or turbinate)
palatine
medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid 
maxilla
three conchae 
turbinates
superior
ethomoid 
superior concha 
middle
inferior
meatus
superior meatus
ethmoidal bulla
anteroinferiorly 
hiatus semilunaris 
inferior nasal concha
medial
nasal septum
3
vomer
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid 
septal cartilage

Question 5

mucous membrane

• the surfaces of the bones and cartilage forming the boundaries of the nasal cavity are covered by a _____; based on their functions, two different areas of mucous membrane can be described:
  1. the _____ is the mucous membrane in the _____ of the nasal septum and the superior concha
• -it is in this area that the _____ of the _____ are distributing, mediating _____, or the sense of smell
  2. the _____ of the mucous membrane of both the lateral and the medial walls constitute the _____ of the mucous membrane.
• -this part functions in _____ from inspired air, as well as the process of _____ and _____ incoming air

Answer 5

mucous membrane
olfactory region
upper third
filaments
olfactory nerve 
olfaction
lower two thirds
respiratory region
dust removal 
warming 
humidifying

Question 6

paranasal sinuses

• a sinus is a true cavity within a _____
• -the sinus itself is lined with a _____ and will communicate with the nasal cavity via a canal or space termed an _____
• there are 4 types of paranasal sinuses:
  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. _____
• maxillary sinus
• -the maxillary sinus is the _____ of all paranasal sinuses and is located within the _____
• -on each side it is a single chamber, _____ in shape
• –the base is _____, the apex is _____
• -the floor of this sinus is adjacent to the _____; because of this, maxillary sinusitis is often accompanied by _____
• the maxillary sinus opens into the nasal cavity in the _____
• frontal sinus
• -the frontal sinus is also a single sinus on each side of the head contained within the _____ in the _____
• this sinus also opens into the _____
• ethmoidal (labyrinthine) sinus
• -the ethmoidal sinus consists of numerous air cells collectively referred to a the _____ (located within the _____ of the _____)
• on the basis of their openings, two types exist:
  1. _____ open into the middle meatus
  2. _____open into the superior meatus
• sphenoid sinus
• -the sphenoid sinus is a single sinus on each side, both contained with the _____ of the sphenoid
• -its opening is into the _____, which is the area above the superior nasal concha

Answer 6

bone
mucous membrane 
opening
maxillary sinus
frontal sinus
ethmoidal sinus 
sphenoid sinus 
largest
maxilla
pyramidal 
medial
lateral
upper teeth
toothache
meatus
frontal bone
supraorbital meatus 
middle meatus
ethmoidal labyrinth 
lateral mass
ethmoid
anterior ethmoid air cells 
posterior ethmoid air cells
body
sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 7

sinus: maxillary
opening:
meatus/space:

Answer 7

hiatus semilunaris

middle meatus

Question 8

sinus: frontal
opening:
meatus/space:

Answer 8

hiatus semilunaris

middle meatus

Question 9

sinus: ethmoid
anterior
opening:
meatus/space:

posterior
opening:
meatus/space:

Answer 9

ethmoidal bulla
middle meatus
unnamed opening
superior meatus

Question 10

sinus: sphenoid
opening:
meatus/space:

Answer 10

sphenoethmoidal recess

posterior to superior meatus