CHAPTER 19

Question 1

general remarks

• the larynx is a _____ organ located at the _____ end of the trachea
• it functions:
  1. as a valve to guard the _____, especially during _____
  2. in maintaining an _____
  3. in _____
• there are _____ types of major cartilages comprising the larynx:
  1. _____ is the largest cartilage of the larynx; it is composed of two flat plates termed _____, which fuse anteriorly and diverge posteriorly
• -where they fuse anteriorly they form the _____ (_____)
• -the superior border forms the palpable _____
• -its _____ attaches via ligaments to the _____ bone, whereas the _____ articulates with the _____
• -its lateral surface is crossed by an _____ to which the strap muscles of the neck attach
• _____ is a complete ring of cartilage that forms a shape similar to a ring; its posterior part is in the form of a flat plate, the _____, whereas its anterior narrow part is called the _____, which lies at the level of _____
• -its upper border articulates with the _____
• -its lower border is connected to the first ring of the _____ via the _____
• _____ are a pair of cartilages located at the upper border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage
• -each is _____, with an _____ above and a _____ below
• -the base exhibits two processes:
  1. the _____ extends forward from the base and serves as attachment for the vocal ligament
  2. the _____ extends laterally and serves as an attachment for the muscles of the larynx
• _____ is a leaf shape cartilage that extends superiorly and posteriorly from the thyroid cartilage
• -its upper end is quite _____, whereas its lower end _____ forming the _____ (_____) that attaches to the thyroid cartilage
• -it functions in closing the opening into the _____ during swallowing
• there are two smaller types of cartilages, the _____ and the _____ cartilages
• -the corniculate cartilages set upon the _____ of the _____
• -the cuneiform cartilages are located within the fold of mucous membrane between the _____ and the _____, the _____

Answer 1

cartilaginous 
superior
air passages
swallowing food
open air passage
vocalization
four
thyroid cartilage 
laminae
laryngeal prominence (Adams apple)
superior thyroid notch
superior horn
hyoid
inferior horn
cricoid cartilage
oblique line
cricoid cartilage 
lamina
arch
CV6
trachea
cricotracheal ligament 
arytenoid cartilages 
pyramidal 
apex
base
vocal process
muscular process
epiglottic cartilage 
broad
narrow
stalk (petiolus)
laryngeal cavity
corniculate
cuneiform 
apices
arytenoid cartilages
arytenoid 
epiglottic cartilages 
aryepiglottic folds

Question 2

muscles of the larynx

• extrinsic
  1. elevators- _____, _____, _____, _____
  2. depressors- _____, _____, _____
• intrinsic
  1. the cricothyroid extends from the _____ to the _____ and _____
  2. the posterior cricoarytenoid extends from the _____ to the _____
  3. the lateral cricoarytenoid courses from the _____ to the _____
  4. the arytenoideus connects the _____ surfaces of the two _____
  5. the thyroarytenoid extends from the _____ to the _____
  6. the vocalis courses from the _____ to the _____

action: all intrinsic muscles are _____ of the _____ with the exception of the _____, which is an _____
innervation: all intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the _____ with the exception of the _____, which is supplied by the _____

Answer 2

thyrohyoid, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid

arch of the cricoid
lamina of the thyroid
inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

posterior surface of the lamina of the cricoid
muscular process of the arytenoid

arch of the cricoid
muscular process of the arytenoid

posterior
arytenoids

medial surface of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
muscular process of the arytenoid

internal surface of the thyroid cartilage posteriorly
vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage

adductors 
vocal cords
posterior cricoarytenoid 
adbuctor
recurrent laryngeal nerve
cricothyroid
superior laryngeal nerve

Question 3

innervation

• the _____ is a direct branch off the _____ that divides into two branches that supply the larynx
  1. the external branch courses on the external surface of the larynx to innervate the _____
  2. the internal branch pierces the membrane between the _____ bone and the _____ cartilage (_____) to supply _____ innervation to the mucous membrane living the larynx _____ the vocal folds
• the _____ is a direct branch of the _____ that begins in the thorax
  1. the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the _____, whereas the left loops around the _____
  2. both ascend to the _____ in the groove between the _____ and the _____
  3. the recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies _____ innervation to the mucous membrane _____ the vocal folds. it also supplies the majority of the _____ muscles of the larynx

Answer 3

superior laryngeal nerve
vagus
cricothyroid muscle 
hyoid
thyroid (thyrohyoid membrane)
sensory
above
recurrent laryngeal nerve 
vagus
subclavian artery
aorta
larynx 
esophagus
trachea
sensory
below
intrinsic

Question 4

arterial supply

• an arterial supply of the larynx comes from _____ primary vessels
• -_____: arising from _____ and _____
• -_____: arising from the _____ from the _____ which arises from the _____

Answer 4

2
superior laryngeal artery
superior thyroid artery
external carotid artery
inferior laryngeal artery
inferior thyroid artery
thyrocervical trunk
subclavian artery

Question 5

Cavity of the larynx

• the cavity of the larynx is divided into three portions
  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____

-these three portions are separated from one another by two horizontal folds of mucous membrane: _____ and the _____

Answer 5

vestibule 
ventricle
infraglottic cavity 
false vocal fold
true vocal fold

Question 6

vestibule

• the vestibule of the larynx extends from the _____ or _____ down to the _____
• the _____ or inlet is the opening into the larynx from the laryngopharynx
• -it is bounded by the _____ anteriorly and on each side by the _____
• -closure of the inlet by the epiglottis protects the respiratory passages against the invasion of _____ and foreign bodies
• the false folds extend from the _____ in front to the _____ behind
• -each fold contains a ligament, the _____
• -these folds are not involved in _____ and are thus referred to as the false vocal cords
• -the space between the two folds of either side is called the _____
• –the muscles that adduct the vocal folds also adduct the _____, obliterating the _____
• –this allows an increase in _____ or _____ during urination, defecation, or parturition

Answer 6

aditus
inlet
vestibular folds
aditus
epiglottis
aryepiglottic folds
food
thyroid cartilage 
arytenoid cartilage 
vestibular ligament
voice production
rima vestibuli
vestibular folds
rima vestibuli
intrathoracic pressure
intraabdominal pressure

Question 7

ventricle (of morgangi)

• the ventricle of morgangi is the space located on either side of the larynx between the _____ above and the _____ below
• the ventricle functions in allowing _____ of the vocal folds
• the _____ that bound the ventricle inferiorly are two folds of mucous membrane that contain the _____ muscle and _____ ligament
• -they extend from the angle of the _____ in front to the _____ of the _____ behind
• the space that lies between the two true vocal folds is called the _____ and represents the _____ part of the laryngeal cavity
• -the vocal cords control the stream of air passing through the _____ and thus are important in _____

Answer 7

vestibular fold
true vocal fold
free movement
true vocal folds
vocalis
vocal
thyroid cartilage 
vocal processes
arytenoids cartilages 
rima glottidis
narrowest
rima glottidis
voice production

Question 8

valleculae

• one _____ attaches the epiglottis to the posterior tongue
• two _____ attach the epiglottis to the pharynx
• between the median and lateral folds are depressions called _____ in which saliva collects from the posterior tongue
• valleculae are important landmarks during _____

Answer 8

medial glossoepiglottic fold
lateral glossoepiglottic folds
epiglottic valleculae
intubation