CHAPTER 8

Question 1

articulations between vertebral bodies

• classification: _____ joint
• bony surfaces
• -the _____ surface of the _____
• -the _____ surface of the _____
• -these bony surfaces are covered by a thin plate of _____

Answer 1

fibrocartilagenous 
inferior 
surajacent vertebral body
superior 
infrajacent vertebral body
hyaline cartilage

Question 2

intervertebral discs

• _____ discs separate and bind together the _____
• the discs account for _____ of the length of the vertebral column
• the superior most intervertebral disc is between the _____ and the _____; the inferior most lies between the _____ and the _____. there are _____ discs total
• the discs are named and numbered according to the vertebra _____ which they lie; thus, the fifth lumbar disc lies _____ the _____ lumbar vertebra
• the discs _____ in different regions
• -in the cervical and lumbar regions, the discs tend to be _____ than _____. this results in _____ curvature in these regions
• -in the thoracic region, the discs are about the _____ height measured _____ and _____

Answer 2

fibrocartilagenous 
vertebral bodies
one quarter
axis
third cervical vertebra 
fifth lumbar vertebra 
sacrum
23
below
below
fifth 
differ
higher anteriorly
posteriorly 
secondary
same
anteriorly
posteriorly

Question 3

• the intervertebral discs consist of two different parts
  a. _____:
• -forms the periphery of the disc and is composed of _____ in which the _____ component predominates
• -the collagen fibers are arranged primarily in _____, the fibers of each _____ running _____ to adjacent lamellae
• -the external fibers bend with the _____, whereas the internal fibers blend with the _____
• -the anulus fibrosis is thicker _____ than _____; thus, the nucleus pulposus is _____ located. this is presumably one of the factors responsible for the more common _____ of the nucleus pulposus _____ after damage to the anulus fibrosis
• -functions
  1. _____ of _____
  2. _____ stability
  3. movement between two _____
  a. although this movement is not great when viewed on the basis of two vertebrae moving in relation to each other, when viewed _____ summating the movements of many vertebrae, the _____ becomes _____
  4. retention of the _____

Answer 3

anulus fibrosis 
fibrocartilage
collagen fiber
concentric rings
lamella
obliquely
longitudinal ligaments
nucleus pulposus
anteriorly 
posteriorly
eccentrically 
protrusion 
posteriorly 
binding together 
vertebral bodies
joint
adjacent vertebrae 
collectively 
degree of movement
considerable 
nucleus pulposus

Question 4

the intervertebral discs consist of two parts:
_____:
-forms the center of the intervertebral disc
-it has been estimated that a typical nucleus pulposus consists of about _____. the exact percentage of water varies with age being _____ in a fetus (_____) and _____ in late adult life (_____). thus the disc normally undergoes _____ over the years, accounting for people becoming _____ in later life
-the high water content disproves the belief that the disc is _____. because water cannot be compressed, the nucleus pulposus is incompressable. any compression on the disc will therefore _____ it, with a consequent _____ of the _____

Answer 4

nucleus pulposus
80% water 
higher
88%
lower 
70%
dehydration 
shorter
compressible
flatten
peripheral bulging 
anulus fibrosus

Question 5

ligaments of the vertebral column (name the 5)

-both the articulations between _____ and those between _____ are supported by ligaments

Answer 5

anterior longitudinal ligament 
posterior longitudinal ligament
ligamentum flavum
supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
vertebral bodies 
articular processes

Question 6

anterior longitudinal ligament

• a broad, thick ligament courses along the _____ and _____ surfaces of the _____ from the _____ part of the _____ bone to the _____
• it fuses with the _____ of _____ and the _____ of the _____ part of the _____
• it tends to resist _____, as the body weight attempts to increase the _____ curvature in the _____ region

Answer 6

anterior 
anterior lateral 
vertebral column
basilar part
occipital
sacrum
periosteum
vertebral bodies 
outer lamella
anterior 
anulus fibrosus 
extension 
secondary
lumbar

Question 7

posterior longitudinal ligament

• a ligament that lies on the _____ surfaces of the _____ and _____. it has a distinctive repeating _____ shape. it _____ when passing over the vertebral bodies, where it is _____ attached, and _____ when passing over the intervertebral discs. this widening is a result of its fibers fusing with the outer fibers of the intervertebral discs
• it lies within the vertebral canal _____ to the _____ and meninges
• it extends from the _____ of the _____ down to the _____
• its _____ end is directly continuous with the _____
• it tends to resist _____, as the body weight tends to _____ the _____ curvature in the _____ region

Answer 7

posterior 
vertebral bodies 
intervertebral discs 
hourglass
narrows
loosely
widens
anterior
spinal cord
body axis
sacrum
upper
membrana tectoria
flexion
increase
primary
thoracic

Question 8

ligamentum flavum

• this is also known as the _____ ligament because of its many _____ (that are yellow when not fixed)
• extends from the _____ to the _____
• they thicken going from _____ to _____ to _____ regions
• in _____, they stretch slowly so that movement is not stopped _____ and then aid in the _____ to _____. they do not fold upon themselves, thereby putting pressure on the _____

Answer 8

yellow
elastic fibers
lamina above
lamina below
cervical 
thoracic 
lumbar 
flexion
suddenly 
return
extension 
spinal cord

Question 9

supraspinous ligament

• a strong ligament that interconnects the _____ from _____ down to the _____
• the _____ courses along each side
• supraspinous ligament above _____ in the neck are called _____

Answer 9

spinous processes
axis 
sacrum 
interspinalis muscles
CV7
ligamentum nuchae

Question 10

interspinous ligament

• a _____ membrane that fills the intervals from _____ to _____ and from the _____ to the _____ superficially
• they are poorly developed in the _____ region

Answer 10

thin
spine
spine
deep ligamentum flavum
supraspinal ligaments
cervical