CHAPTER 6

Question 1

the _____ is located in the posterior portion of the trunk

Answer 1

vertebral column

Question 2

functions of the vertebral column (4)

Answer 2

posture
support of weight
protection for the spinal cord and spinal nerves
partial protection for thoracic and abdominal organs

Question 3

bones of the back: the vertebral column

1. moveable presacral vertebrae (_____ bones)
   a. _____ (_____ bones)
   b. _____ (_____ bones)
   c. _____ (_____ bones)

Answer 3

24
cervical 7
thoracic 12
lumbar 5

Question 4

_____: _____ structures found between bodies of adjacent vertebrae

Answer 4

intervertebral discs

fibrocartilagenous

Question 5

what are the three types of bones of the back (the vertebral column)

Answer 5

moveable presacral vertebrae
sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)

Question 6

total number of bones of the back (the vertebral column) before fusion

Answer 6

33

Question 7

fetal curvature:

1. in the fetus, the vertebral column exhibits _____ curvature, which is _____
2. this curvature is referred to as _____
3. this curvature is a result of differences in the _____ between the _____ and _____ aspects of the _____

Answer 7

one
concave anteriorly 
primary curvature 
height 
anterior 
posterior 
vertebral bodies

Question 8

adult curvature:

1. in the adult, the vertebral column exhibits _____ curvatures. name them.
2. the thoracic and sacral curvatures retain the _____ curvature. the _____ and _____ curvature exhibit a curvature that is not primary; rather, they have a curvature that is classified as a _____
3. the secondary curvature is _____ due to difference in the _____ between the _____ and _____ aspects of the _____

Answer 8

four
cervical 
thoracic 
lumbar
sacral
primary 
cervical
lumbar
secondary curvature 
concave posteriorly 
heights
anterior
posterior 
intervertebral discs

Question 9

the large round mass of a vertebra; it forms the anterior aspect of the vertebra

Answer 9

body

Question 10

posterior to the body lies the _____ of bone formed by two _____ and two _____

Answer 10

vertebral arch
pedicles
laminae

Question 11

a bridge of bone extending from the posterior aspect of the body

Answer 11

pedicle

Question 12

_____ : a flat plate of bone extending from the pedicle; the two _____ fuse with each other in the _____

Answer 12

lamina
laminae
median plane

Question 13

_____ : the hole in the center of the vertebra that houses the _____

Answer 13

vertebral foramen

spinal cord

Question 14

boundaries of the vertebral foramen

1. anterior: _____
2. posterior: _____
3. lateral: _____

Answer 14

body
laminae
pedicles

Question 15

is formed by the individual vertebral foramina when the 24 presacral vertebrae are articulated

Answer 15

vertebral canal

Question 16

_____ : single process that projects posteriorly from each vertebral arch at the junction of the two _____

Answer 16

spinous process

laminae

Question 17

_____ : two processes that project laterally from the junction of a _____ and a _____

Answer 17

transverse processes
lamina
pedicle

Question 18

_____ : two processes that project superiorly to articulate with the inferior _____ of the _____ vertebra

Answer 18

superior articular processes
articular
suprajacent

Question 19

_____: two processes that project inferiorly to articulate with the superior _____ process of the _____ vertebra; lying between the superior and inferior articular processes is the _____ or _____ joint

Answer 19

inferior articular processes
articular
infrajacent 
zygapopheseal
facet

Question 20

_____: are found on the superior and inferior surface of the pedicle; when two vertebrae articulate, the notches form a foramen called the _____, which transmits the _____

Answer 20

vertebral notches
intervertebral foramen
spinal nerve

Question 21

cervical vertebrae:

-a _____ is found in the transverse process of all cervical vertebrae. the _____ ascends through this foramen from _____

Answer 21

transverse foramen
vertebral artery
CV6-CV1

Question 22

the _____ divides into two smaller projections. this is found on _____ vertebrae _____

Answer 22

bifid spinous process
cervical
CV2-CV6

Question 23

the _____ are divided into two projections, the _____ and _____. bifid transverse processes are found on _____

Answer 23

bifid transverse processes
anterior
posterior tubercles
cervical vertebrae CV3-CV6

Question 24

_____:

• from the greek atlao = I endure or sustain; to bear, carry
• there is no _____; it is replaced by the _____ of _____
• there are no _____ or _____. they are replaced by an arch of bone, the _____
• the superior articular processes are _____ for articulation with the _____

Answer 24

CV1- atlas
body
dens
CV2
laminae
spinous processes
posterior arch
concave
occipital condyles

Question 25

_____: - from latin word axis = an axle or pivot - a prominent superior projection, the _____ or _____, extends to the _____

Answer 25

CV2- axis dens process odontoid process atlas

Question 26

_____: - it has the longest and most prominent _____ of all the cervical vertebrae, and it does not _____ - -it is important in _____ - the _____ is the only vessel coursing through its _____

Answer 26

``` CV7- vertebra prominens spinous process bifurcate counting vertebrae vertebral vein transverse foramen ```

Question 27

thoracic vertebrae: - there are _____ on the transverse processes for articulation with the ribs (_____ thoracic vertebra, _____ pairs of _____) - there are no _____ in the transverse processes - articulation with the rib include the following: - -_____: the head of the rib articulates with the body of the vertebra - -_____: the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra

Answer 27

``` transverse costal facets 12 12 foramina costovertebral joint costotransverse joint ```

Question 28

lumbar vertebrae - there are no _____ in the transverse processes - there are no _____ on the transverse processes - the lumbar vertebrae are the _____ in size 1. in general, the presacral vertebrae increase in size going _____ to _____ 2. this occurs because each successive vertebra must _____ all structures _____ to it 3. after the weight has been transmitted to the _____ and the _____ in the _____ region, the vertebrae _____ to this region do not support the body weight 4. the _____ and _____ vertebrae decrease in size moving _____ - the spinous processes are _____ in shape

Answer 28

``` foramina facets largesr superior inferior support superior pelvis lower limbs lumbosacral region inferior sacrum coccygeal inferiorly quadrangular ```

Question 29

sacrum the sacrum consists of _____ vertebrae articulations -superior: the intervertebral disc _____ to _____ articulates with the _____ -lateral: the _____ of the sacrum that articulates with the _____ of the _____ --_____: a smooth surface on the lateral portion of of the ala. it forms the _____ joint with the _____ -inferior: _____ it has two surfaces, _____ and _____ - pelvic surface: - -_____: there are four pairs of openings for the _____ of _____ - dorsal surface: - -_____: a ridge that is remnant of the spinous processes of the superior _____ sacral vertebrae - -_____: there are _____ pairs of foramina for the _____ of _____ - -_____: an opening due to the absence of laminae on the _____ sacral segment

Answer 29

``` 5 fused inferior LV5 sacral promontory ala ilium hip bone auricular surface sacro-illiac (SI) ilium coccyx pelvic dorsal pelvic sacral foramina ventral rami S1 to S4 median sacral crest 3 to 4 dorsal sacral foramina four dorsal rami S1 to S4 sacral hiatus fifth ```

Question 30

the coccyx is typically made up of _____

Answer 30

4 fused vertebrae