CHAPTER 18

Question 1

general remarks

• the _____ is that part of the digestive and respiratory system located posteriorly to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx
• it is about _____ in length, extending from the base of the _____ inferiorly to the _____ below, which lies at _____; here, it becomes continuous with the _____
• its widest part is just below the _____, whereas its narrowest point is at its termination at the _____; thus it is _____ shaped.
• it has openings that allow it to be continuous with _____ cavities
  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. _____
  5. _____
• it is divisible into three parts:
  1. _____- posterior to the nasal cavity
  2. _____- posterior to the oral cavity
  3. _____- behind the larynx

Answer 1

pharynx
12 cm
skull
cricoid cartilage 
CV6
esophagus 
skull
esophagus 
funnel
7
two nasal cavities
two tympanic cavities
oral cavity
larynx
esophagus
nasopharynx 
oropharynx 
laryngopharynx

Question 2

nasopharynx PART 1

• the nasopharynx is the portion of the pharynx _____ to the _____
• it is open to the nasal cavity at the _____, a bony aperture located at the junction of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx
• the _____ and _____ of the nasopharynx form a continuous sloping surface that lies under the body of the _____ and basilar part of the _____
• a mass of _____ is embedded in the mucous membrane here and it is termed the _____
• -these pharyngeal tonsils are also called _____, which when enlarged may cause respiratory obstruction
• the lateral wall of the nasopharynx is characterized by the _____, which is _____ posterior to the _____
  1. the _____ (_____ or _____) is _____ long and connects the tympanic cavity of the _____ ear with the nasopharynx
  2. its anterior medial two thirds, that part related to the pharynx, is composed of _____
  3. its posterior lateral third, that part related to the _____ ear, is _____
  4. the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube, because of its _____, usually remains _____
• -it opens during _____, _____, and when _____ differences exist between that of the _____ and the _____
• -when the tube opens, a small _____ can be heard

Answer 2

posterior
conchae
roof 
posterior wall
sphenoid 
occipital bone
lymphoid tissue
pharyngeal tonsil
adenoids
pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube
1.5 cm
inferior nasal conchae 
auditory tube (eustachian or pharyngotympanic tube)
3.5
middle
elastic cartilage 
bony
elastic tissue
collapsed 
swallowing 
yawning
pressure
tympanic cavity
atmospheric pressure
click

Question 3

nasopharynx PART 2

• the medial end of the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube projects into the nasopharynx on the _____ just superior to the _____
• -this cartilage is referred to as the _____ (from latin torus = swelling)
• three mucous membrane folds extend from the torus tubarius:
  1. the _____ extends from the taurus to the soft palate
  2. the _____ extends from the torus to the lateral wall of the pharynx
  3. the _____, between the other two folds, extends from the mouth of the tube to the soft palate
• each of these folds of mucous membrane exists because of the presence of a _____ housed by the fold
• that portion of the nasopharynx posterior to the torus is termed the _____
  1. _____ is sometimes found here (_____)

-the nasopharynx communicates with the oropharynx via the _____ bound by the _____ anteriorly and the _____ posteriorly

Answer 3

lateral wall
opening of the auditory tube
torus tubarius
salpingopalatine fold
salpingopharyngeal fold 
torus levatorius
muscle 
pharyngeal recess
lymphoid tissue 
tubal tonsil
pharyngeal isthmus 
soft palate
wall of the pharynx

Question 4

oropharynx

• the oropharynx is that part of the pharynx posterior to the _____
• it is continuous with the oral cavity by the _____ with the following boundaries
  1. superiorly- _____
  2. inferiorly- _____
  3. laterally- _____
• the _____ is a fold of mucous membrane extending from the palate to the side of the tongue
• -it contains the _____ muscle
• the _____ extends from the soft palate to the lateral side of the pharynx
• -it contains the _____ muscle
• between the two arches lies the _____, in which the _____ lies
• -each palatine tonsil is a collection of _____ under the mucous membrane of the oropharynx

Answer 4

oral cavity
oropharyngeal isthmus 
soft palate
tongue
the pillars of the fauces
anterior pillar of the fauces (palatoglossal arch)
palatoglossus muscle 
posterior pillar of the fauces (palatopharyngeal arch)
palatopharyngeus muscle 
tonsillar bed
palatine tonsil
lymphoid tissue

Question 5

laryngopharynx

• the laryngopharynx or _____ extends from the _____ border of the _____ to the _____, where it becomes continuous with the _____
• it lies _____ to the larynx
• on either side of the larynx lies a _____
• -during swallowing, a bolus of food is usually deviated _____ by the _____ into one or both food channels, the _____
• -the _____ and _____ course under the mucous membrane in each piriform recess

Answer 5

hypopharynx
upper
epiglottis
cricoid cartilage 
esophagus 
posterior
piriform recess
laterally epiglottis
piriform recesses
internal laryngeal nerve
superior laryngeal artery

Question 6

structures of the pharyngeal wall

• the wall of the larynx consists of several layers
  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. _____
• mucous membrane
• –the mucous membrane lining the internal surface of the pharynx is continuous with the mucous membrane lining the _____, _____, and _____
• -it is also continuous with the mucous membrane that is found in the _____

Answer 6

mucous membrane
fibrous layer
muscular layer
fascial layer
nasal cavity
oral cavity 
larynx
auditory tube