Chapter 17.1

Question 1

What are conquistadors

Answer 1

Spanish conquerors of the Americas

Question 2

Who did local Aztec officials listen to?

Answer 2

The Aztec King

Question 3

What was the capital of the Aztec?

Answer 3

Tenochtitlan

Question 4

what is the former Aztec capital now?

Answer 4

Mexico City

Question 5

In 1519, a Spanish force landed in the Gulf of Mexico, who commanded them?

Answer 5

Hernan Cortes

Question 6

Where did Hernan Cortes’ fleet land?

Answer 6

Veracruz

Question 7

What did Hernan Cortes fleet do?

Answer 7

Marched to Tenochtitlan

Question 8

What did Hernan Cortes fleet do in the capital?

Answer 8

Made alliances with city states that were tired of oppressive rule

Question 9

What made up Hernan Cortes’

Answer 9

550 soldiers, 16 horses, and 2 translators

Question 10

Did the Aztecs welcome Cortes? Why?

Answer 10

Yes, they were astounded to see horses and all their weapons

Question 11

What gave the Spanish an advantage against the Aztecs?

Answer 11

Guns, men on horses, cannons, swords

Question 12

Who was the Aztec King?

Answer 12

Montezuma the Second

Question 13

What did the Spanish do to Montezuma II?

Answer 13

Held him hostage and then pillaged the city

Question 14

What did the local population do a year after Cortes arrived?

Answer 14

They revolted and drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlan

Question 15

What did the Aztecs experience after the Spanish arrived and what happened?

Answer 15

New sicknesses, they killed many Aztecs, especially smallpox.

Question 16

What did Cortes’ Spaniards do to the city?

Answer 16

Pillaged the city and leveled pyramids, temples, and palaces and used the rocks to make churches and Spanish government buildings.

Question 17

Did the Spanish quit conquering Mexico after the Aztec?

Answer 17

No, they would go on to conquer the Inca

Question 18

Who landed on the Pacific Coast of South America in 1531?

Answer 18

Francisco Pizarro with 180 men

Question 19

What did Pizarro bring?

Answer 19

Steel weapons, gunpowder, and horses

Question 20

Who brought smallpox to the Americas?

Answer 20

the Spanish

Question 21

What killed the Incan Emperor?

Answer 21

Smallpox

Question 22

What happened after the Incan Emperor’s death?

Answer 22

His 2 sons took the throne and led to a civil war

Question 23

Who became the new emperor?

Answer 23

Atahuallpa

Question 24

Who captured the new emperor?

Answer 24

Pizarro

Question 25

How did Atahuallpa die?

Answer 25

Execution

Question 26

What was the Inca capital?

Answer 26

Cuzco

Question 27

What did Pizarro do to Cuzco?

Answer 27

They sacked it and captured it

Question 28

Where was most of Spain’s empire?

Answer 28

Most of South America, parts of Central America and parts of North America

Question 28

What became the next capital of the Inca and for a new Spanish colony

Answer 28

Lima

Question 29

Who became the owner of Brazil?

Answer 29

Portugal

Question 30

Why is Latin America called Latin America?

Answer 30

Because it includes Portuguese and Spanish land, and both languages are rooted from Latin

Question 31

Who was on the top of the social scale?

Answer 31

Peninsulares

Question 32

What are peninsulares?

Answer 32

Spanish or Portuguese officials born in Europe, they held all government positions

Question 32

Who was 2nd on the social scale?

Answer 32

the creoles

Question 33

Who are the creoles?

Answer 33

European descendants born in Latin America, hated peninsulares because they were the only government officials

Question 34

Who were third on the social pyramid?

Answer 34

Mestizos and mulattoes

Question 35

Who were mestizos

Answer 35

People with European and Native American descent

Question 36

Who were mulattoes

Answer 36

European and African mixed

Question 37

Who were forced to work in mines and on plantations?

Answer 37

Africans and Natives

Question 38

How many Africans were brought to Latin America?

Answer 38

8 million

Question 39

What did most mestizos do for work?

Answer 39

became artisans, merchants, farmers, and ranchers

Question 40

Who was at the bottom of the social pyramid?

Answer 40

Africans and captured Natives

Question 41

What were the two most important resources Europeans extracted?

Answer 41

Gold and Silver

Question 42

What did Spain and Portugal do with the gold and silver they found?

Answer 42

Sold it to finance their wars

Question 43

What became a more enduring source of prosperity?

Answer 43

farming

Question 44

What was the encomienda system?

Answer 44

A system where the Spanish forced Natives to do labor and pay taxes and the Spanish would protect them and make them Catholic

Question 45

Why was the encomienda system used? (Besides for riches)

Answer 45

to maintain a supply of labor

Question 46

What was the Mita

Answer 46

an arrangement that allowed authorities to draft indigenous labor to work in the silver mines

Question 47

Where was the Mita started

Answer 47

In Peru by the Spanish

Question 48

What made the Native population go down and the African population go up?

Answer 48

The Encomienda and Mita systems, it killed Natives and caused higher demand for workers

Question 49

Who spoke out against the Encomienda system?

Answer 49

Bartolome de Las Casas, a Catholic Priest

Question 50

What products were shipped to Europe? (Besides gold and silver)

Answer 50

sugar, tobacco, diamonds, and animal hides

Question 51

What did the Spanish and Portuguese send back to their colonizer for their trades?

Answer 51

manufactured goods

Question 52

How did Spain and Portugal keep other empires out of colonizing the Americas?

Answer 52

regulating the trade of their colonies

Question 53

In the 1550s, what did the Portuguese try to do to keep control of Brazil?

Answer 53

They created a government position called the governor-general/viceroy

Question 54

What did the Governor-General (viceroy) do?

Answer 54

headed a bureaucracy that governed the colony and was a representative of the monarchy

Question 55

Who really controlled Brazil? (Not viceroy)

Answer 55

district officials who took little command from the viceroy

Question 56

Did Spain later adapt viceroys?

Answer 56

Yes

Question 57

What were Portuguese and Spanish conquerors determined to do?

Answer 57

Convert Natives to Catholicism

Question 58

Did Catholic Missionaries split up to convert?

Answer 58

yes

Question 59

what did the Missionaries do (besides convert people)

Answer 59

brought Natives together into villages to “civilize” them and teach them to farm

Question 60

What did missions enable Missionaries to do?

Answer 60

control the lives of Natives and make them subjects to the empire

Question 61

How many Jesuit missions were in Paraguay

Answer 61

30

Question 62

What good things did missionaries do?

Answer 62

built cathedrals, hospitals, and schools which taught Natives their empire’s language

Question 63

What jobs did the Catholic Church create?

Answer 63

Gave women opportunities to become nuns and work in schools and hospitals

Question 64

Who is Juana Ines de la Cruz

Answer 64

A Mexican Nun who wrote poetry and prose and urged that women be educated