Chapter 23 Lesson 4

Question 1

By the end of the 1700s, new political ideals from the American revolution did what?

Answer 1

began to influence creole elites

Question 2

Who are creoles?

Answer 2

descendants of Europeans who lived in Latin America

Question 3

What did the Creoles control?

Answer 3

land and business

Question 4

What principles did creoles like?

Answer 4

equality of all people in the eyes of the law, free trade, and a free press

Question 5

What did the creoles dislike?

Answer 5

the domination of their trade by Spain and Portugal

Question 6

What were creole elites?

Answer 6

creoles who owned most of the land and had lots of power

Question 7

what did the creoles use their new ideas for?

Answer 7

denouncing their monarchs and their peninsulares

Question 8

Why did the creoles resent the peninsulares?

Answer 8

they drained Latin America of its wealth and dominated the region

Question 9

What did Napoleon’s war’s give the creoles?

Answer 9

An opportunity for change

Question 10

What happened when Napoleon overthrew the monarchies of Spain and Portugal?

Answer 10

it weakened their control of Latin America

Question 11

Between 1807 and 1825, what happened?

Answer 11

a series of revolts enabled most of Latin America to become independent

Question 12

What was Saint-Domingue?

Answer 12

a French sugar colony

Question 13

Who led enslaved people in revolt in Saint Domingue?

Answer 13

François-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture

Question 14

How many people did Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture lead in the revolt?

Answer 14

100,000

Question 15

Was Louverture’s revolt successful?

Answer 15

Yes, they seized control of all Hispaniola (the island Dominican Republic and Haiti are on)

Question 16

When was Haiti’s independence?

Answer 16

January 1st 1804

Question 17

What Latin American country got its’ independence first?

Answer 17

Haiti

Question 18

When did Mexico have a revolt?

Answer 18

1810

Question 19

Who was the first hero of Mexican independence?

Answer 19

Miguel Hidalgo

Question 20

Who is Miguel Hidalgo?

Answer 20

A parish priest who studied the French Revolution and rallied up all the lower social classes and made them want freedom from Spanish rule

Question 21

On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo led his weak army of Natives and mestizos in an attack against the Spaniards, what happens?

Answer 21

his forces are crushed

Question 22

What happens after Hidalgo’s attack on the Spaniards?

Answer 22

he is sentenced to death, but that day (9/16) is the first day of the Mexican uprising and is their independence day.

Question 23

What frightened creoles and peninsulares?

Answer 23

Natives and mestizos being apart of the revolts against Spanish rule

Question 24

what did creoles and peninsulares do in response to the natives and mestizos wanting to revolt?

Answer 24

they cooperated in defeating the revolutionary forces because they were afraid of the masses and overthrew Spanish Rule

Question 25

what did conservative elites want?

Answer 25

an independent nation ruled by a monarch

Question 26

Who did the peninsulares and creoles pick as monarch of Mexico?

Answer 26

A creole military leader, Agustin de Iturbide

Question 27

What year did Mexico declare independence?

Answer 27

1821

Question 28

What year did Iturbide name himself emperor?

Answer 28

1823

Question 29

What happened after Iturbide’s deposition

Answer 29

Mexico became a republic

Question 30

Who was Jose de San Martin?

Answer 30

an Argentinian creole elite and was hailed a liberator of South America

Question 31

Who was Simon Bolivar?

Answer 31

a Venezuelan creole elite crowned as a liberator of South America

Question 32

What year did Bolivar’s struggle for Venezuelan independence start?

Answer 32

1810

Question 33

Where did Bolivar lead revolts?

Answer 33

Colombia (New Granada) and Ecuador

Question 34

By 1819, Colombia and Ecuador form what country?

Answer 34

Gran Colombia

Question 35

By 1810, what happened?

Answer 35

San Martin’s forces liberated Argentina from Spanish rule

Question 36

In January 1817, San Martin did what?

Answer 36

led his forces over the Andes to attack the Spanish in Chile

Question 37

Did the Spanish predict San Martin was coming?

Answer 37

No, they were surprised and badly defeated

Question 38

When did Chile declare independence?

Answer 38

1818

Question 39

In 1821, what did San Martin do?

Answer 39

advanced on the center of Spanish authority, Lima, Peru

Question 40

Did San Martin welcome Bolivar and his forces?

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

By the end of 1824, did Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia and Chile get independence?

Answer 41

Yes

Question 42

In what year did Brazil get its’ independence?

Answer 42

1822

Question 43

Did the Central American states become independent by 1823?

Answer 43

Yes

Question 44

From 1838 to 1839, what 5 countries did Central America split into?

Answer 44

Costa Rica, Panama, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras

Question 45

What was the big threat to independence in Latin America?

Answer 45

European nations favored using troops to restore Spanish control in Latin America

Question 46

Who disagreed with using troops in Latin America and why?

Answer 46

Britain, because they wanted to trade

Question 47

What did Britain do to ensure Latin America can trade with them?

Answer 47

they proposed joint action with the U.S. against European dominance of the region

Question 48

Distrustful of British motives, James Monroe did what?

Answer 48

Created the Monroe Doctrine

Question 49

What did the Monroe Doctrine state?

Answer 49

It declared the Americas were off limits for colonization and warned against it.

Question 50

What year was the Monroe Doctrine out into place?

Answer 50

1823

Question 51

What was more important to Latin American independence than the Monroe Doctrine?

Answer 51

The British Navy

Question 53

What stood in the way of Latin American invasion? (Not Monroe Doctrine)

Answer 53

The British Navy

Question 54

What did the wars for independence leave Latin America without?

Answer 54

people, property, and livestock

Question 55

During the course of the 1800s, what would happen once again to Latin America?

Answer 55

they became dependent on Western nations again

Question 56

What did most new Latin American nations have for government?

Answer 56

Republican governments

Question 57

How did no experience in self-rule ruin some Latin American countries?

Answer 57

stronger leaders called caudillos gained power and took advantage of the people

Question 58

What are caudillos?

Answer 58

strong leaders who ruled chiefly by military force and were usually support by landed elites

Question 59

What was the difference between all caudillos?

Answer 59

some were modernizers and kept the states together, while some were destructive and ruined nations

Question 60

Who was Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Answer 60

a destructive caudillo and Mexican General who misused state funds, halted reforms, and created chaos

Question 61

Why did Texas get independence?

Answer 61

American settlers disliked Santa Anna’s rules and revolted, which gave them independence in 1836

Question 62

What years did the Mexican-American war occur?

Answer 62

1846-1848

Question 63

What happened as a result of the war between America and Mexico?

Answer 63

Mexico lost almost half of their territory the U.S.

Question 64

Who lead the era of reform after Santa Anna’s rule

Answer 64

Benito Juarez

Question 65

Who was Benito Juarez?

Answer 65

a Mexican national hero who was entirely native and brought liberal reforms to Mexico

Question 66

What did Juarez do?

Answer 66

Separated church and state, distributed land to the poor, and made an education system

Question 67

Who was Juan Manuel de Rosas?

Answer 67

An Argentinian caudillo who was supported by the masses and brought radical change

Question 68

What did caudillo authority depend on?

Answer 68

personal power

Question 69

When caudillo died or lost power, what happened?

Answer 69

civil wars

Question 70

What was a fundamental problem for new Latin American countries?

Answer 70

domination of society by elites

Question 71

Did large estates remain the way of life in Latin America?

Answer 71

Yes

Question 72

What did land remain the basis of?

Answer 72

wealth, social prestige, and political power

Question 73

What did landed elites run?

Answer 73

governments, courts, and kept a system of inexpensive labor

Question 74

How did elite landowners make big profits?

Answer 74

by growing cash crops, like coffee, for export

Question 75

Why did the masses experience dire poverty?

Answer 75

Because most of the population had no land to grow basic crops on

Question 76

What did political independence bring?

Answer 76

economic independence, but old patterns were quickly reestablish

Question 77

Who now controlled the Latin American economy? (After independence)

Answer 77

The British

Question 78

Did British investors pour funds into Latin America and have merchants move there?

Answer 78

yes

Question 79

Did old trade relationships reemerge?

Answer 79

yes

Question 80

What did Latin America continue to serve as a source of?

Answer 80

raw materials and food things for industrial nations

Question 81

What did Latin America import?

Answer 81

finished consumer goods, textiles, and had limited industry

Question 82

What ensured the ongoing domination of the Latin American economy by foreigners?

Answer 82

the emphasis on exporting raw materials and importing finished products

Question 83

Did Latin American countries remain economically dependent after independence?

Answer 83

yes