Learning design implications
- Design interfaces that encourage exploration and tolerate mistakes.
- Design interfaces that constrain and guide users to select appropriate actions when initially
learning.
Reading, speaking, and listening Design implications
-Speech-based menus and instructions should be short
-Accentuate the intonation of artificially generated speech voices
-Provide opportunities for making text large on a screen
Problem-solving, planning, reasoning, and decision-making Design implications
-Provide information and help pages that are easy to access for people who wish to understand more about how to carry out an activity more effectively
-Use simple and memorable functions to support rapid decision-making and planning
Use of cognitive frameworks
They are used to explain and predict user behaviour at the interface
Cognitive frameworks
-Mental models
-Gulfs of execution and evaluation
-Distributed cognition
-External and embodied cognition
Mental models
-People develop an understanding of a system through learning about and using it
How can UX be designed to help people build better mental models?
-Clear and easy to use instructions
-Appropriate tutorials and contextual sensitive guidance
-Provide online videos and chatbot windows when needing help
-Transparency: to make interfaces intuitive to use
-Affordances of what actions an interface allows
Applications of Reading, Speaking and Listening
-Voice user interfaces allow users to interact with them by asking questions
-Speech-output systems use artificially-generated speech
-Natural-language systems enable users to type in questions and give text-based responses
Information processing definition
It conceptualizes human performance in metaphorical terms of information processing stages
Information processing stages
- Encoding
- Comparison
- Response selection
- Response execution
Distributed cognition
-Concerned with the nature of cognitive phenomena across individuals, artifacts, and internal and external representations
-It describes these in terms of propagation across respresentational state
External cognition
It is concerned with explaining how we interact with external representations
Cognitive offloading
A common strategy to prevent forgetting and to avoid the effort of remembering
Functions of External respresentations
-Remind us that we need to do something
-Remind us what to do
-Remind us when to do something
Computational offloading
When a tool is used in conjunction with an external representation to carry out a computation
Annotation
It involves modifying existing representations through making marks
Cognitive tracing
Involves externally manipulating items into different orders
