NCCPT Exam > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biomechanics?

A

Study of mechanical laws relating to movement

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2
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

Study of human movement

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3
Q

What body systems work together to produce movement?

A

Bones muscles connective tissues and nervous system

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4
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Standing upright arms at sides palms forward feet forward

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5
Q

What does anterior or ventral mean?

A

Front of the body

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6
Q

What does posterior or dorsal mean?

A

Back of the body

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7
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Above a reference point

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8
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Below a reference point

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9
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Closer to the center of the body

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10
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Farther from the center of the body

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11
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Closer to the midline

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12
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Farther from the midline

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13
Q

What does prone mean?

A

Lying face down

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14
Q

What does supine mean?

A

Lying on the back

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15
Q

What does deep mean?

A

Farther beneath the surface

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16
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

Closer to the surface

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17
Q

What does unilateral mean?

A

One side

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18
Q

What does bilateral mean?

A

Both sides

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19
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

Same side

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20
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

Opposite side

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21
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

Toward the bottom

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22
Q

What does cephalic mean?

A

Toward the head

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23
Q

What does volar mean?

A

Relating to palm of hand or sole of foot

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24
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from the midline

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25
What is adduction?
Movement toward the midline
26
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle between body parts
27
What is extension?
Increasing the angle between body parts
28
What is lateral flexion?
Flexion in the frontal plane
29
What is plantarflexion?
Pointing the foot downward
30
What is dorsiflexion?
Pulling the foot upward
31
What is internal rotation?
Rotation toward the midline
32
What is external rotation?
Rotation away from the midline
33
What is circumduction?
Circular movement around a joint
34
What is pronation?
Turning palm or arch downward
35
What is supination?
Turning palm or arch upward
36
What is hyperextension?
Movement beyond anatomical neutral
37
What is the frontal plane?
Divides body into front and back halves
38
What movements occur in the frontal plane?
Abduction adduction lateral flexion
39
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides body into left and right halves
40
What movements occur in the sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension
41
What is the transverse plane?
Divides body into upper and lower halves
42
What movements occur in the transverse plane?
Rotation
43
What is range of motion?
Degree of movement around a joint
44
What is balance?
Ability to maintain equilibrium
45
What is stability?
Resistance to change in position
46
What is equilibrium?
State where forces are balanced
47
What is center of gravity?
Point where body mass is concentrated
48
What is base of support?
Area of contact with the surface
49
What is gravity?
Attraction between objects and Earth
50
What is muscular force?
Force created by muscle contraction
51
What is dynamic balance?
Ability to maintain balance while moving
52
What is static balance?
Ability to maintain balance while stationary
53
What happens when center of gravity moves outside base of support?
Loss of balance
54
What is joint mobility?
Ability to move through a range of motion
55
What is joint stability?
Ability to control or hold a joint in position
56
Which joints need more mobility?
Ankle hip thoracic spine shoulder wrist
57
Which joints need more stability?
Knee lumbar spine cervical spine elbow
58
What are Newton’s laws?
Laws describing motion
59
What is inertia?
Resistance to change in motion
60
Front
Back
61
What is a lever?
A rigid structure that rotates around an axis to move a load
62
What are the three components of a lever?
Axis force and resistance
63
What is the axis in a lever system?
The pivot point or joint
64
What is force in a lever system?
The muscular effort applied
65
What is resistance in a lever system?
The load being moved
66
What determines mechanical advantage?
The relative positions of axis force and resistance
67
What is a first-class lever?
Axis located between force and resistance
68
What is an example of a first-class lever in the body?
Neck extension
69
Where is the axis in a first-class lever?
Between force and resistance
70
Does a first-class lever favor force or speed?
Can favor either depending on arrangement
71
What is a second-class lever?
Resistance located between axis and force
72
What is an example of a second-class lever in the body?
Plantarflexion during a calf raise
73
Where is the resistance in a second-class lever?
Between axis and force
74
What does a second-class lever favor?
Force production
75
What is a third-class lever?
Force located between axis and resistance
76
What is the most common lever in the body?
Third-class lever
77
What is an example of a third-class lever in the body?
Biceps curl
78
Where is the force in a third-class lever?
Between axis and resistance
79
What does a third-class lever favor?
Speed and range of motion
80
Why does the body primarily use third-class levers?
To maximize speed and movement efficiency
81
Which lever type provides the greatest mechanical advantage?
Second-class lever
82
Which lever type requires the most muscular force?
Third-class lever
83
What happens when resistance is farther from the axis?
More force is required
84
What happens when force is applied closer to the axis?
More force is required
85
What is moment arm?
Distance between axis and force application
86
How does moment arm length affect force?
Longer moment arm increases torque
87
What is torque?
Rotational force around an axis
88
Why are levers important in exercise selection?
They affect force demands and joint stress
89
How can trainers manipulate lever length?
By changing limb position or range of motion
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