NCCPT Exam > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical processes in the body

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2
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

The study of how energy is transformed in living organisms

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3
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates proteins and fats

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4
Q

What is the primary role of macronutrients?

A

Provide energy and support body function

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5
Q

What are cells?

A

Basic units of life that perform all body functions

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6
Q

What do organelles do?

A

Carry out specialized functions within the cell

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7
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

The outer membrane of the cell

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8
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

A phospholipid bilayer with proteins

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9
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Fluid inside the cell excluding the nucleus

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10
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Organelle containing DNA

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11
Q

What is DNA?

A

Genetic material determining inherited traits

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12
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Creation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources

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13
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Breakdown of glucose for energy

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14
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Process of cell division

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15
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Structures that synthesize proteins

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16
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Organelle involved in protein and lipid synthesis

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17
Q

What does rough ER do?

A

Produces and transports proteins

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18
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

Produces lipids and stores calcium

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19
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Packages and transports proteins

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20
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Digestive organelles that break down materials

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21
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Organelles that produce cellular energy

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22
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP production in the presence of oxygen

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23
Q

What are mitochondria called?

A

The powerhouse of the cell

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24
Q

What are the three macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates protein and fat

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25
What is glucose?
Primary sugar used for energy
26
What are triglycerides?
Stored form of fat
27
What is glycogen?
Stored form of glucose
28
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver and muscle
29
What happens when blood glucose is low?
Glycogen is broken down to glucose
30
What is protein primarily used for?
Tissue growth repair and regulation
31
What is respiratory quotient (RQ)?
Ratio of carbon dioxide expired to oxygen consumed
32
What does RQ indicate?
Which macronutrient is being used for fuel
33
What is the RQ for carbohydrates?
1
34
What is the RQ for fats?
0.7
35
What is indirect calorimetry?
Measurement of oxygen used to estimate energy expenditure
36
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate
37
What is ATP composed of?
Adenine ribose and three phosphate groups
38
What happens when ATP is broken down?
Energy is released
39
What is ADP?
Adenosine diphosphate
40
What is ATP used for?
Muscle contraction cellular work and heat production
41
What percentage of ATP energy becomes heat?
About 60 percent
42
What are energy systems?
Pathways that produce ATP
43
What are the three energy systems?
ATP CP glycolysis and oxidative
44
Which energy systems are anaerobic?
ATP CP and glycolysis
45
Which energy system is aerobic?
Oxidative
46
What is the ATP CP system?
Immediate energy system using creatine phosphate
47
How long does ATP CP last?
Up to 10 seconds
48
What enzyme breaks down creatine phosphate?
Creatine kinase
49
What activities rely on ATP CP?
Sprinting jumping heavy lifting
50
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
Breakdown of glucose without oxygen
51
How long does anaerobic glycolysis last?
Up to 2 minutes
52
What byproduct is produced during anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactic acid
53
What is lactate?
The ionized form of lactic acid
54
What can lactate be used for?
Energy fuel glucose production and signaling
55
What is the anaerobic threshold?
Point where lactate accumulates faster than removal
56
What is aerobic metabolism?
ATP production using oxygen
57
When does aerobic metabolism dominate?
After about 2 minutes of activity
58
What fuels aerobic metabolism?
Carbohydrates fats and sometimes protein
59
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Final stage of aerobic metabolism
60
What is aerobic glycolysis?
Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen
61
What is pyruvate?
End product of glycolysis
62
What does pyruvate become in aerobic metabolism?
Acetyl CoA
63
What is the Krebs cycle?
Series of reactions producing energy intermediates
64
What is the electron transport chain?
Final stage producing ATP and water
65
What is gluconeogenesis used for?
Maintaining blood glucose
66
What amino acid is commonly used for gluconeogenesis?
Alanine
67
What is hypoglycemia?
Low blood glucose
68
How do energy systems operate?
They overlap and work simultaneously
69
Which system dominates short intense activity?
ATP CP
70
Which system dominates moderate duration activity?
Glycolysis
71
Which system dominates long duration activity?
Oxidative
72
What is steady state exercise?
When oxygen supply meets demand
73
What is EPOC?
Excess post exercise oxygen consumption
74
What does EPOC help restore?
ATP stores oxygen levels and waste removal
75
What is metabolism defined as?
All chemical reactions sustaining life
76
What is a calorie?
Unit of energy
77
How many calories per gram of carbohydrate?
4
78
How many calories per gram of protein?
4
79
How many calories per gram of fat?
9
80
What is energy balance?
Relationship between calories in and calories out
81
What is positive energy balance?
More calories consumed than expended
82
What is negative energy balance?
More calories expended than consumed
83
What is TDEE?
Total daily energy expenditure
84
What makes up TDEE?
RMR TEF and physical activity
85
What is RMR?
Resting metabolic rate
86
What percentage of TDEE is RMR?
About 70 percent
87
What is TEF?
Thermic effect of food
88
What is DIT?
Diet induced thermogenesis
89
What is NEAT?
Non exercise activity thermogenesis
90
What is EAT?
Exercise activity thermogenesis
91
What formula estimates daily caloric needs?
Harris Benedict equation
92
What is caloric expenditure?
Energy used by the body
93
What affects metabolic rate?
Age sex genetics body composition and activity
94
What is weight management?
Control of body mass through energy balance
95
What are effective nutrition plan elements?
Awareness quality exercise appetite control deficiency elimination
96
What is a somatotype?
Body type classification
97
What are the three somatotypes?
Ectomorph mesomorph endomorph
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