Edema

Question 1

Edema

Answer 1

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues or body cavities,
leading to swelling.

Question 2

Interstitial Space

Answer 2

The space between cells and capillaries where fluid exchange occurs.

Question 3

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 3

static pressure a fluid (blood) exerts simply due to its presence against the walls of the capillaries due to gravity and the fluid’s weight. FLUID OUT

Question 4

Hydraulic Pressure:

Answer 4

The pressure generated by fluid flow through a confined space, reflecting the dynamic component of fluid movement.

Question 5

Oncotic (Colloid Osmotic) Pressure:

Answer 5

The pressure exerted by plasma proteins (e.g., albumin) to retain fluid within blood vessels by drawing it back from tissues.

Question 6

Lymphatic System

Answer 6

A network of vessels that drains excess interstitial fluid and returns it to
the circulatory system.

Question 7

Inflammatory Edema:

Answer 7

Edema caused by increased vascular permeability and fluid leakage
due to inflammation (e.g., in response to infection or tissue injury).

Question 8

Non-inflammatory Edema:

Answer 8

Edema that results from mechanical or metabolic dysfunction, without inflammation, such as due to heart failure or hypoproteinemia.

Question 9

Increased Vascular Permeability:

Answer 9

A key mechanism in inflammatory edema where endothelial cells become more permeable, allowing plasma and proteins to leak into tissues

Question 10

Increased Hydrostatic Pressure:

Answer 10

A cause of non-inflammatory edema where high blood pressure in capillaries pushes excess fluid into tissues (e.g., during heart failure)

Question 11

Decreased Oncotic Pressure:

Answer 11

Results from a drop in plasma proteins (e.g., in liver disease or protein-losing conditions), reducing fluid reabsorption into capillaries.

Question 12

Lymphatic Obstruction:

Answer 12

Occurs when the lymphatic system cannot drain fluid properly, leading to localized edema (e.g., in tumors or infections).

Question 13

Endothelial Dysfunction:

Answer 13

Impaired function of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, leading to abnormal fluid leakage.

Question 14

Congestive Heart Failure:

Answer 14

It is a condition that increases hydrostatic pressure, often leading to non-inflammatory edema in the lungs, abdomen, or extremities.

Question 15

Liver Cirrhosis

Answer 15

This condition impairs the production of plasma proteins, reducing oncotic
pressure and leading to edema (ascites in the abdomen).

Question 16

Protein-losing Enteropathy:

Answer 16

A disorder where proteins are lost through the gastrointestinal
tract, reducing oncotic pressure.

Question 17

Hypoalbuminemia:

Answer 17

Abnormally low albumin levels in the blood, often causing non inflammatory edema.

Question 18

Sepsis

Answer 18

A severe systemic infection that can cause inflammatory edema through cytokine
induced vascular permeability.

Question 19

Pitting Edema:

Answer 19

A form of non-inflammatory edema where pressure leaves a temporary
indentation in the swollen tissue.

Question 20

. Non-pitting Edema:

Answer 20

Typically associated with inflammatory edema; the tissue remains firm
despite pressure.

Question 21

Effusion:

Answer 21

Accumulation of fluid in body cavities (e.g., pleural effusion, pericardial effusion,
ascites).

Question 22

. Anasarca

Answer 22

: Severe, generalized edema affecting the entire body.

Question 23

Histamine:

Answer 23

A chemical released by mast cells that increases vascular permeability and
promotes edema during allergic reactions.

Question 24

Cytokines

Answer 24

Proteins such as interleukins and TNF-α that promote inflammation and increase
vascular permeability.

Question 25

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

Answer 25

Lipid-derived molecules that enhance vasodilation and vascular permeability.

Question 26

. Neutrophils

Answer 26

A type of white blood cell that accumulates in tissues during acute inflammation, contributing to inflammatory edema.