Endocrine

Question 1

What is the endocrine system (functionally)

Answer 1

regulatory system of body.

Question 2

How is information transmitted in endocrine system

Answer 2

chemically, through the blood unlike the nervous system. potentially reaches every cell of body

Question 3

what is the steroid class of hormones derived from

Answer 3

Cholesterol

Question 4

what is the amine class of hormones derived from

Answer 4

1-2 amino acids

Question 5

What is the protein/peptide class of hormones derived from

Answer 5

Amino acid chains (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)

Question 6

how does structure determine function?

Answer 6

the structure can determine chemical traits

peptides are often water soluble due to the structure of amino acids

steroids are often lipid soluble due to the structure of cholesterol

Question 7

What is synergism

(w/ example)

Answer 7

hromones work together to have a greater effect than the sum of each one individually 1+1=4

Thyroid hormone and Epinephrine can both cause a greater release of fatty acids into blood than individually

Question 8

What is permissiveness

(w/ example)

Answer 8

some hormonal effects disappear if a 2nd hormone is also not present, although that 2nd hormone may have no effect alone, it permits the first to act.

Epi cannot constrict blood vessels if there is no glucocorticoid present

Question 9

What is Antagonism

Answer 9

hormonal systems that have overlapping function may cancel each other’s effects.

both glucagon and epinephrine can increase in blood glucose when insulin acts to reduce blood glucose
(w example)

Question 10

Example of synergism and antagonism

Answer 10

glucagon and Epi inc blood sugar while insulin acts to decrease it

Question 11

Cell surface receptors

Answer 11

hormone in extracellular fluids bind and activate response which is usually 2nd messenger system

Question 12

Nuclear receptors

Answer 12

hromones have to enter cell/nucleus, complex then binds DNA and increases gene transcription.

Question 13

what would nuclear receptor malfunction mainly affect?

Answer 13

steroids and thyroid hormones since they act via DNA transcription

Question 14

if a peptide hormone became lipid soluble, what would occur

Answer 14

it would cross membranes and bind to nuclear receptors

Question 15

Is messaging effective at low conc.

Answer 15

Yes, receptor molecules can express and amplify signals

Question 16

How can some neurons act as endocrine cells?

Answer 16

releasing chemical signals into blood instead of synapses

Question 17

Paracrine vs autocrine

Answer 17

Paracrine - signaling to other molecules

Autocrine - self signaling